var instancedb;

if (!instancedb) instancedb = [

{"topics": ["atacamadesert","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.0"},
"inst_kwic":"Only in the driest parts of Chile’s Atacama Desert, where rain hasn’t fallen for decades, is life nearly absent."},

{"topics": ["atacamadesert","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.6"},
"inst_kwic":"The Atacama Desert in northern Chile is one of the driest places on Earth...Fog-catching nets, such as the one being installed here, can provide an inexpensive alternative water source source."},


{"topics": ["baiji"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"The baiji, a river dolphin found only in the Yangtze, is teetering on the brink of extinction."},

{"topics": ["dragonfly"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Once fully developed, the dragonfly climbs out of the water, sheds its old skin and flies away, rarely visiting the water again until it’s time to lay eggs."},

{"topics": ["kangaroorat"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Is it possible to survive without drinking any water at all? Kangaroo rats prove that it is. "},

{"topics": ["mekongcatfish","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Once a prized catch for Tonle Sap fishermen, Mekong giant catfish can weigh more than 250 kilograms (550 pounds)."},
{"topics": ["northernleopardfrog","frogs"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Frogs ... are coming to be seen as “sentinel” species: organisms that react early to environmental pollutants."},
{"topics": ["northernleopardfrog","frogs"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"Northern leopard frog (featured in the wetlands diorama)."},
{"topics": ["pompeiiworm","oceanvents"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.5"},
"inst_kwic":"...Pompeii worms withstand water temperatures as high as 80°C (176°F), hotter than any other animal."},
{"topics": ["tonlesap"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.8,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"...when the monsoon rains hit Southeast Asia. A tributary of the Mekong River switches directions, sending a flood of water into Cambodia’s Great Lake, or Tonle Sap, which swells to six times its previous size."},
{"topics": ["tufatowers","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Jagged towers like these at Mono Lake are made from tufa, a kind of limestone, and were once underwater. "},
{"topics": ["wanderingalbatross","birds"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.5,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.2"},
"inst_kwic":"To get rid of excess salt from the water and food they ingest, albatrosses have salt glands just behind their eye sockets. The glands excrete a highly concentrated salt solution that drains out through the tip of the beak."},
{"topics": ["wetlands"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.8,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"...over the past few decades, wetlands have come to be better understood and valued as a key piece of nature’s water purification system..."},
{"topics": ["wetlands"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Over thousands of years, sediments carried by the Mississippi River collected and formed the delta—25,000 square kilometers (9,650 square miles) of land, about half of which is wetlands, on the Louisiana coast."},

{"topics": ["glowlighttetra","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.0"},
"inst_kwic":"To prevent their tissues from becoming too watery, their kidneys continually drain water into their urine. At the same time, these fish also must actively pump salt in from the water."},

{"topics": ["chihuahuandesert","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.1"},
"inst_kwic":"When rain falls in the Chihuahuan Desert of the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico, the parched, porous soil quickly soaks up the water, making it difficult for animals to get enough to drink."},

{"topics": ["texashornedlizard"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.1"},
"inst_kwic":"The Texas horned lizard collects drinking water by using tiny channels between the horned scales on its back (photo) to guide the water toward its mouth."},

{"topics": ["butterflyorchid"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.1"},
"inst_kwic":"To get through drier periods, many orchid species also have thick, bulblike stems that store excess water."},

{"topics": ["velamin"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.1"},
"inst_kwic":"So how does a plant attached to the side of a tree, such as a butterfly orchid, get water when its tangle of roots is so far from the ground? A special kind of root tissue, called velamen, absorbs moisture, and sometimes nutrients, from rain and from water running down the tree trunk."},

{"topics": ["powderbluesurgeonfish","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.2"},
"inst_kwic":"So fish need to drink lots of seawater to stay hydrated. And because seawater is so salty, they also must pump out the excess salt, both through their kidneys and using specialized cells in their gills."},

{"topics": ["shortfinmakoshark","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Sharks don’t lose water the way bony fish do—their bodies stay in balance with the ocean in a different way, thanks to the chemical called urea."},

{"topics": ["diatom"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Instead of swimming around, diatoms—a type of single-celled algae—simply drift wherever the water takes them."},

{"topics": ["saltwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Seawater dehydrates you because the amount of water needed to flush the excess salt from your body would be more than what you drank."},

{"topics": ["tardigrade"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.3"},
"inst_kwic":"If drought strikes, they essentially shut down their metabolism and shrivel up in a ball called a tun, waiting until water returns."},

{"topics": ["dromedarycamel"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Look into the nose of the camel’s skull and you’ll see one feature that helps them conserve water. The intricate surfaces that fill their nasal passages sponge up nearly all the moisture from the air they breathe out. "},

{"topics": ["desertcandleeuphorbia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.3"},
"inst_kwic":"The soft, spiny stems of this euphorbia plant might remind you of a cactus. Although cacti and many euphorbs evolved the same approach to living in the desert—growing spines for protection and storing water in their stems—they aren’t closely related."},

{"topics": ["mudskipper","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.4"},
"inst_kwic":"By flipping a pair of well-muscled pectoral fins, a mudskipper can drag itself out of the water to look for insects and other food."},

{"topics": ["northernsnakehead","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.4"},
"inst_kwic":"The northern snakehead is a voracious predator and can wriggle its way from pond to pond, breathing air for short periods."},

{"topics": ["woodfrog","frogs"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Wood frogs are cold-blooded, so they can’t keep warm in freezing temperatures...When the weather warms up, the frog thaws out and hops away."},

{"topics": ["emperorpenguin","birds"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.5"},
"inst_kwic":"In the pitch-dark winters of Antarctica, where emperor penguins lay their eggs on the ice, temperatures can plunge to –40°C (–40°F) with winds up to 200 kilometers (124 miles) an hour."},

{"topics": ["ice"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"2.5"},
"inst_kwic":"In the pitch-dark winters of Antarctica, where emperor penguins lay their eggs on the ice, temperatures can plunge to –40°C (–40°F)..."},


{"topics": ["waterphysicalproperties"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":1.0,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"...this substance acts like few others on Earth. It is a shape-shifter, existing as liquid, solid and gas under everyday temperatures and pressures."},

{"topics": ["ice"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"As a rule, when liquids freeze, they become more dense. But forget about the rules when it comes to water: when frozen as ice, it becomes less dense. The result? Ice floats."},

{"topics": ["watervapor"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Compared to all the water on Earth, the amount of water vapor is tiny. But it’s crucial to our atmosphere, the source of all rain and snow."},

{"topics": ["condensation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"...more than half of Earth's surface is obscured by clouds, all of them formed from water vapor condensed from microscopic droplets or ice particles suspended in the air."},

{"topics": ["saltwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Salt water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water does—and the saltier the water, the more it resists freezing."},

{"topics": ["seaice"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"At the North and South poles, temperatures in the winter drop low enough to turn parts of the ocean into solid ice. This “sea ice” freezes and thaws with the seasons and plays a key role in regulating Earth's climate."},

{"topics": ["waterstrider"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"How can pond water be a sidewalk for a water strider? It happens because water molecules stick to one another. The molecules at the surface have no watery neighbors above, so they stick even more tightly to the ones underneath. The result? High surface tension—and a place for water striders to stroll."},

{"topics": ["gulfstream"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.1"},
"inst_kwic":"The huge ocean current called the Gulf Stream—pale yellow in this image--sweeps from Florida to the central Atlantic and carries, every day, twice the heat that all the coal mined on Earth in a year could generate."},

{"topics": ["watercycle"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.2"},
"inst_kwic":"The water on Earth today is all the water we will ever have, And Earth’s water is in endless motion, on the planet’s surface, in its depths and in the atmosphere above. Lakes, rivers and oceans lose water to the air through evaporation. Plants draw water from the soil and return it to the air. Volcanoes release water once locked in rocks deep within the Earth. All that water rises and falls back to Earth as rain or snow. Eventually, it all finds its way back underground and to lakes, rivers and the sea. The whole cycles then repeats itself."},

{"topics": ["watervapor"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.2"},
"inst_kwic":"As much as a meter (three feet) of the world's oceans evaporates every year, returning to Earth as rain, snow or hail."},

{"topics": ["condensation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.2"},
"inst_kwic":"On average, molecules of water vapor spend only 11 days in the air before condensing into water droplets that may return to Earth as rain or snow."},


{"topics": ["waterorigins"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"How did all the water we see around us get here? Most scientists argue for an origin in the planet itself...Others speculate that some water was delivered from outer space, by comets or asteroids crashing into Earth."},

{"topics": ["watervapor"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"The steam trail from this volcano in Alaska is condensed water vapor released from magma as it rose through Earth's crust."},

{"topics": ["condensation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Gradually, as the planet cooled, the released vapor condensed and formed oceans."},


{"topics": ["basalticlava","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"This specimen of lava formed when molten material from an erupting volcano solidified. Gases within the molten rock expanded as it rose, freed from the crushing pressures of deep Earth. That gas included water vapor, which ultimately turned to liquid and fell to Earth as rain. The pores you see—called vesicles—are the burst gas bubbles. "},

{"topics": ["isuaschist","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"This may look like an ordinary rock to you, but don’t be fooled. For one thing, at 3.8 billion years, it is among Earth’s oldest. Even more remarkable, its existence indicates that Earth had liquid water at that remote date."},

{"topics": ["murchisonmeteorite"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Murchison contains about 12 percent water (by weight)...Tens of millions of meteorites and comets became part of the original mass of early Earth. As Earth cooled, massive volcanoes released that water as vapor, which condensed into liquid water as cooling continued. This process continues today."},

{"topics": ["haleboppcomet"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.3"},
"inst_kwic":"...when Hale-Bopp came close enough to Earth for detailed study, scientists realized comets probably didn’t bring much water to Earth after the planet formed, because the hydrogen molecules in cometary water have, on average, heavier nuclei than the hydrogen in earthly water."},

{"topics": ["manhattanschist","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.5"},
"inst_kwic":"...rocks dragged by moving glaciers cut the deep grooves you can see—and touch--in this outcrop from Central Park in the heart of New York City. "},

{"topics": ["gangesriver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"India’s great river, the Ganges, is facing several kinds of problems."},

{"topics": ["twelveapostlesseastacks","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Off the coast of Australia the power of the stormy Southern Ocean carved these sea stacks, known as the Twelve Apostles, from the limestone cliffs of Victoria, Australia."},

{"topics": ["horseshoefalls","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.5"},
"inst_kwic":"The immense power of falling water erodes the base of the falls and undercuts the lip, causing it to collapse and move upstream."},

{"topics": ["rockcycle","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.5"},
"inst_kwic":"In the rock cycle, great slabs of Earth's crust called tectonic plates, made more pliable by the water they include, are forced under other huge plates. As slabs descend, the water is squeezed out, promoting melting in the rocks above."},

{"topics": ["grandcanyon","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"3.6"},
"inst_kwic":"When water flows over relatively soft rocks, the effects can be dramatic. Over its nearly four-million-year history, the Colorado River, in what is now the western U.S., has eroded and dissolved two billion years’ worth of rock."},

{"topics": ["freshwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.8,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.1"},
"inst_kwic":"There are trillions of gallons of liquid fresh water on Earth. Humans use about half of it, mostly for agriculture. This excessive use of water interferes with the health of freshwater ecosystems. And because water isn’t distributed evenly around the world, billions of people don’t have enough for basic health and sanitation. So sensible water use is important, especially in the places with the least water."},

{"topics": ["freshwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.8,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.1"},
"inst_kwic":"We eat more water than we drink. Every crop needs months of water before harvest, and much irrigation water never reaches the crops."},

{"topics": ["dujiangyanirrigationsystem","irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":1.0,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"...in 256 BC, governor and engineer Li Bing designed a system of dams, dikes and channels to control the Min River while also delivering a reliable water supply to rice farmers. The basic design of the so-called Dujiangyan project is still in use today."},

{"topics": ["qindynasty"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"The Dujiangyan water system supported thousands of small farms in the Chengdu Plain, one of China’s most fertile regions. Such agricultural wealth aided the formation of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC, the first unification of China."},

{"topics": ["libing"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"...in 256 BC, governor and engineer Li Bing designed a system of dams, dikes and channels to control the Min River while also delivering a reliable water supply to rice farmers."},

{"topics": ["chengduplain"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"For centuries, residents of western China’s Chengdu Plain suffered from devastating, unpredictable floods that took lives and ruined crops."},

{"topics": ["minriver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"...in 256 BC, governor and engineer Li Bing designed a system of dams, dikes and channels to control the Min River while also delivering a reliable water supply to rice farmers."},

{"topics": ["rocksausages"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Tube-shaped bamboo baskets filled with rocks—called “rock sausages”—were key components of the Dujiangyan project. "},

{"topics": ["yuzui"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.4"},
"inst_kwic":"The yuzui or “fish snout,” is a manmade island that splits the river into two channels."},

{"topics": ["dallesdam","dams"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.2"},
"inst_kwic":"In the northwestern U.S., more than 19 big dams, including the Dalles Dam (above) block the Columbia River."},

{"topics": ["nurekdam","dams"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Nurek Dam, in Tajikistan, is the world’s tallest: as tall as a building 65 stories high"},

{"topics": ["laplatariver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.2"},
"inst_kwic":"More than 40 dams have been proposed for the La Plata River basin, South America’s second largest."},

{"topics": ["danuberiver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.2"},
"inst_kwic":"The Danube River basin, spread over 17 countries, is already fragmented by several dams."},

{"topics": ["nileriver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.2"},
"inst_kwic":"The Nile River basin spans 10 African countries, but a 1959 treaty grants Egypt rights to use the largest share of Nile water."},

{"topics": ["threegorgesdam","dams"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":1.0,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"The world’s largest concrete dam—indeed, its largest concrete structure—spans the Yangtze River in south central China. The Three Gorges Dam, named for the steep, winding canyons upriver, should provide 10 percent of China’s electricity."},

{"topics": ["yangtzeriver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Yangtze River water carries lots of sediment, which tends to build up behind the dam, filling the reservoir and reducing the dam’s efficiency."},

{"topics": ["chinesesturgeon","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Chinese sturgeon were a common catch for fishermen until the 1980s. Today, they’re almost impossible to find."},

{"topics": ["siberiancranes","birds"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Siberian cranes mate in Siberia, but nearly all of them fly south for the winter, to a lake along the shores of the Yangtze River."},

{"topics": ["ziguichina"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"The city of Zigui, once home to more than 30,000 people, was dynamited in March 2002 to make way for the Three Gorges Reservoir"},

{"topics": ["baculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.3"},
"inst_kwic":"The rising waters ... submerged hundreds of historic landmarks and archaeological sites...many archeological sites of the Ba people, whose history dates back 4,000 years, were never fully explored."},

{"topics": ["loireriver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.5"},
"inst_kwic":"In the 1980s, critics persuaded the French government to remove three existing dams in the Loire River basin and to abandon plans for new dams."},

{"topics": ["saintetienneduvigandam","dams"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.5"},
"inst_kwic":"By destroying Saint Etienne du Vigan Dam in 1998, France re-opened one of the best spawning grounds for Atlantic salmon, causing an explosion in salmon populations."},

{"topics": ["rooseveltislandtidalenergyproject"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.6"},
"inst_kwic":"In 2006, beneath New York City’s East River estuary, the energy of the tides began spinning a field of turbines, powering a nearby grocery store and parking garage."},

{"topics": ["eastrivernewyork","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.6"},
"inst_kwic":"In 2006, beneath New York City’s East River estuary, the energy of the tides began spinning a field of turbines, powering a nearby grocery store and parking garage."},

{"topics": ["wavefarm"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.6"},
"inst_kwic":"The world’s first commercial wave farm debuted off the coast of Portugal in 2006. Linked cylindrical generators (photo), each about the size of a train car, wriggle back and forth in the waves."},

{"topics": ["zapotecculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"...more than 2,000 years ago, the Zapotec people created one of the most successful farming civilizations in the Americas. Their elaborate networks of canals, dams and terraced fields transported and stored precious irrigation water."},

{"topics": ["oaxacavalley"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley gets almost no rain for seven months of the year. "},

{"topics": ["xoxocotlanoaxacamexico","watersupply"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"In addition to elaborate irrigation networks, the Zapotec built systems to transport water to urban areas. Pipes made of fired clay carried drinking water to public buildings and to homes of high-status people in the village of Xoxocotlan."},

{"topics": ["irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"These stone-lined channel systems, located north of Oaxaca Valley, probably helped local farmers grow enough food to pay the tributes required by an expanding Zapotec empire"},

{"topics": ["watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"In addition to elaborate irrigation networks, the Zapotec built systems to transport water to urban areas."},

{"topics": ["corn","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"The first domesticated corn was much smaller than the corn we usually eat today. "},

{"topics": ["teosinte","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.8"},
"inst_kwic":"Corn cobs more than 6,000 years old found in the Oaxaca region of Mexico suggest that farmers domesticated corn from a grass called teosinte."},

{"topics": ["irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.10"},
"inst_kwic":"While many large farms have the latest harvesting machinery, the farmers often water crops the way people did 5,000 years ago—by running water to the plants through open canals and furrows."},

{"topics": ["irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.8,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Human civilization as we know it would not exist without irrigation...Today, 40 percent of the world's food is grown in areas where irrigation is necessary..."},

{"topics": ["cotton","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Growing cotton requires tremendous amounts of water, so it’s usually grown in wetter climates."},

{"topics": ["aralsea"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Once the world’s fourth largest body of fresh water, the Aral Sea lost 75 percent of its volume and more than half its surface area between 1973 and 2004 as a result of cotton farming."},

{"topics": ["kazakhstan","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Kazakhstan has begun projects to restore the northern part of the sea—irrigating crops more efficiently and building dikes. "},

{"topics": ["uzbekistan","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Central Asia’s leading cotton producer, Uzbekistan, grew more than one million metric tons of cotton in 2003"},

{"topics": ["beef","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"All told, it takes 2,300 liters (600 gallons) of water to produce 150 grams (one-third of a pound) of beef for a large hamburger"},

{"topics": ["corn","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"A grain-fed cow eats lots of food—most of it corn. And growing corn requires plenty of water."},


{"topics": ["ogallalaaquifer","groundwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"People are drawing out roughly 12 billion gallons a day from the Ogallala Aquifer—so despite its immense size, some areas are beginning to run dry."},

{"topics": ["rice","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"To grow one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of rice, it takes 3,400 liters (900 gallons) of water."},

{"topics": ["centralvalleycalifornia","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.9"},
"inst_kwic":"With such huge demands for water, California’s farmers depend on a vast network of federally funded dams, pumps and canals."},

{"topics": ["dripirrigation","irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.10"},
"inst_kwic":"With drip irrigation, a tube buried in the soil applies precise doses of water directly to the root zone, cutting water waste to nearly zero."},

{"topics": ["laserleveling","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.10"},
"inst_kwic":"By leveling their fields using laser-guided land graders (photo), farmers can ensure that water flows evenly to the plants rather than draining away to lower ground."},

{"topics": ["lepairrigation","irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.10"},
"inst_kwic":"A LEPA (Low-Energy Precision Application) sprinkler system sprays water only at the base of the plant, making it much more efficient than furrow methods or wide-area sprinklers."},

{"topics": ["furrowirrigation","irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.10"},
"inst_kwic":"When water travels down open furrows between rows of plants, only about 45 percent reaches the roots."},

{"topics": ["aquifer","groundwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"4.11"},
"inst_kwic":"An aquifer holds its water in thousands of interconnected spaces in the rock, much like the pores in a sponge."},

{"topics": ["khmerempire"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Founded some 1,200 years ago, the Khmer Empire covered much of Southeast Asia for six centuries."},

{"topics": ["angkorwat"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"With the Empire’s collapse in 1431, the Khmer people left behind canals, reservoirs and dozens of temples, including Angkor Wat (photo), one of the world’s most spectacular ancient monuments."},

{"topics": ["kingjayavarmanvii"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"King Jayavarman VII, depicted in the sculpture (right), oversaw the rebuilding the city of Angkor in the wake of its destruction by invaders in the year 1177."},

{"topics": ["mekongriver","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Water from the Mekong River reverses direction and begins flowing up the Tonle Sap River during the intensely rainy monsoon season. "},

{"topics": ["bonomtouk"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"...people come from all over Cambodia for the Bon Om Touk festival. Fireworks, lighting displays and dragon boat races (photo) all serve to thank the water spirit as the river begins flowing back to the sea."},

{"topics": ["dai"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Some crews on stationary rigs called dais can gather 500 kilograms (1,100 pounds) of fish in as little as 25 minutes."},

{"topics": ["treyriel","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"The trey riel looks puny next to a giant catfish but it’s one of the most important fish caught in Tonle Sap. "},

{"topics": ["prahoc"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Cambodians grind riel into a paste called prahoc, a key ingredient in the region’s cuisine."},

{"topics": ["lesseradjutantstork","birds"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"More than 200 types of birds live in the Tonle Sap region, including endangered and threatened species such as the lesser adjutant stork (photo) and the Bengal florican."},

{"topics": ["bengalflorican","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.1"},
"inst_kwic":"More than 200 types of birds live in the Tonle Sap region, including endangered and threatened species such as the lesser adjutant stork (photo) and the Bengal florican."},

{"topics": ["bottomtrawling"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.2"},
"inst_kwic":"One of the most harmful fishing practices is bottom trawling, in which a ship drags a huge, weighted net across the ocean floor."},

{"topics": ["martinwillison"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia"},

{"topics": ["coralreef"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.2"},
"inst_kwic":"...spectacular corals are also found thousands of feet below the surface, on the dark, frigid ocean floor. Cold-water coral species are different than tropical ones, but both feature beautiful branching forms and bright colors."},

{"topics": ["northwestshelfaustralia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Corals and sponges living on Australia’s Northwest Shelf (left) are gone after trawling (right)."},

{"topics": ["arctic"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"...rising temperatures and melting ice are creating new challenges for Arctic species—as well as for the people who live in the region. "},

{"topics": ["ice"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Ice actually helps fight global warming by reflecting some of the Sun's energy back into space."},

{"topics": ["polarbear"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Polar bears spend most of their time on floating sheets of sea ice hunting for their favorite food, seals."},

{"topics": ["iditarodrace"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Although snowmobiles and airplanes long ago replaced dog-sledding for Alaskan winter transportation, the annual 1,850-kilometer (1,150-mile) Iditarod race honors the tradition."},

{"topics": ["inuitanimalcarvings"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Carvings like these, dating from the 1800s, reflect the central role that animals hold among Inuit people of North America."},

{"topics": ["polarbearcarving"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Polar Bear carving; Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada; 1800s; Walrus ivory; American Museum of Natural History 60/2423"},

{"topics": ["whalecarving"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Whale carving; Iglulik, Nunavut, Canada; 1800s; Walrus ivory; American Museum of Natural History 60/4844"},

{"topics": ["waterfowlcarving"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Waterfowl carving; Hudson Bay, Canada; 1800s; Antler; American Museum of Natural History 60/5704"},

{"topics": ["sealheadbutton"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Seal head button; Port Clarence, Alaska; 1800s; Walrus ivory; American Museum of Natural History 60/1262"},

{"topics": ["egyptianvase"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Vase; Nile River Basin, Egypt; 3,500–3,200 BC; Clay"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;Hail flood! emerging from the earth, arriving to bring Egypt to life...&rdquo;</em>&mdash;Ancient Egyptian hymn to the Nile River flood"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.&rdquo;</em> &mdash;The Bible, Ecclesiastes 1:7"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive. It flows in places men reject and so it is like the Tao.&rdquo;</em> &mdash;Chapter 8, Tao Te Ching"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;The waters listen as they flow along: they know the origin of heaven and earth.&rdquo;</em> &mdash;the Hindu sacred text Rig Veda, Book 7, Hymn 34"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;And God sends down water from the skies, giving life thereby to the earth after it had been lifeless &rdquo;</em> &mdash;the Qur&rsquo;an, 16:65"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;Sometimes men need the winds most, at other times waters from the sky, rainy descendants of the cloud...&rdquo;</em> &mdash;Ancient Greek poet Pindar (522?-438? BC), Olympian 11"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;The river was swirling past in the darkness; they could just distinguish the smooth moving surface of the water, and the air was full of the sound of it.&rdquo;</em> &mdash;British author Virginia Woolf, <em>The Voyage Out</em>, 1915"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;Yes, as every one knows, meditation and water are wedded for ever.&rdquo;</em> &mdash;American author Herman Melville, <em>Moby Dick</em>, 1851"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;The stone in the water does not comprehend how parched the hill is.&rdquo;</em> &mdash;traditional West African saying (Hausa language)"},

{"topics": ["quotation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"<em>&ldquo;The quality of mercy is not strain'd, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven...&rdquo;</em> &mdash;William Shakespeare, <em>The Merchant of Venice</em>, 1590s"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Locks, Paul Klee, 1922"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Stormy Sea at the Naruto Rapids, Ando Hiroshige, 1853"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Water Lilies, Claude Monet (1840-1926)"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"The Flood, Veneto-Byzantine School, 1200s"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Map of the Middle East, 1457"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Two Boys Rowing, Winslow Homer (1836-1910)"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Workers carrying water from the tomb of Horemheb, Ancient Egypt, c. 1300 BC"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Water Dreaming, Johnny Warrangkula, mid- to late 1900s"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Rooms by the Sea, Edward Hopper, 1951"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Woodcut with carp, Taito, 1848"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Valparaiso Harbor, James Whistler, 1866"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Stormy Sea, Gustave Courbet, 1870"},

{"topics": ["painting"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"6.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Aquarius II, Sabira Manek, late 20th century"},

{"topics": ["watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"The water carriers on display reveal the artistry, creativity and practicality that humans apply to this physically demanding task&mdash;a task that still burdens many people today."},

{"topics": ["mangbetuwatervessel","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Mangbetu water vessel, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Ceramic, pigment; 1900s; American Museum of Natural History 90.1/2333"},

{"topics": ["afghanwatervessel","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Water vessel; Jalalabad, Afghanistan; Modern; Brass"},

{"topics": ["jerrycan","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Jerry can; U.S.; Modern; Plastic; American Museum of Natural History, Exhibition; When filled, this container holds 19 liters (five gallons) and weighs 19 kilograms (nearly 42 pounds)."},

{"topics": ["arapeshwatercarrier","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Arapesh water carrier; New Guinea; Plant fiber, palm sheath; 1930s; American Museum of Natural History 80.0/6739; This vessel was collected by famed anthropologist Margaret Mead."},

{"topics": ["capotitlanwaterjar","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Capotitlan water jar; Mexico; AD 1200s; Ceramic; American Museum of Natural History 30.0/98"},

{"topics": ["netsilikwatercarrier","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Netsilik water carrier; Canada; Early 1900s; Hide, sinew, skin; American Museum of Natural History 60/4652"},

{"topics": ["bedouinwaterpail","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Bedouin water pail; Kuwait; 1900s; Rubber, rope, hide; American Museum of Natural History 70.2/8110"},

{"topics": ["indianwatercarrier","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Water carrier; India; Plastic; Modern; American Museum of Natural History, Exhibition; Courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. Ranobir Roychowdhury"},

{"topics": ["watersupply","freshwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Shantytown residents must often rely on bottled or trucked-in water&mdash;which means they pay much more than their neighbors who are connected to the public system."},

{"topics": ["watergatherers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Distance from a clean water source is a critical factor affecting women&rsquo;s lives; in some places in sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, women can spend between 15 and 17 hours each week collecting water."},

{"topics": ["villagepump","watersupply"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Pumps can be reliable sources of clean water, but even simple pumps such as this require maintenance"},

{"topics": ["varanasiindia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"The millions of pilgrims who visit holy sites like Varanasi each year feel spiritually cleansed by bathing in (the Ganges). "},

{"topics": ["puja"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Water is the most essential of all offerings in puja, the act of showing reverence to a god or spirit through prayers, invocations, songs and rituals."},

{"topics": ["waterpollution"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"For the millions of Hindu pilgrims who bathe in the Ganges, the river's ability to cleanse souls is unaffected by its extreme pollution: the water may be unclean, but never impure."},

{"topics": ["ritualvessel"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Ritual vessel; Tamil Nadu, Southeast India; 1700s; Copper alloy; American Museum of Natural History 70.0/4713"},

{"topics": ["indianritualspoon"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Figure with uddharane (ritual spoon); India; Late 1900s; Brass; American Museum of Natural History 70.2/8050 "},

{"topics": ["veerbhadramisra"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Veer Bhadra Misra is both a Hindu priest and a hydraulic engineer&mdash;and in both roles he&rsquo;s determined to solve the problem of pollution in the river he calls &ldquo;Mother Ganga.&rdquo; "},

{"topics": ["watersupply"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.1"},
"inst_kwic":"...in North America&mdash;that is, Canada and the U.S.--average use per person inside the home ranges from 225 to 335 liters (about 60 to 90 gallons) a day"},

{"topics": ["qdrum","watercarriers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.2"},
"inst_kwic":"The Q-Drum, made of tough plastic, holds 50 liters (13 gallons) of water&mdash;and it rolls!"},

{"topics": ["watergatherers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.3"},
"inst_kwic":"This ancient yet underused practice is being revived as a simple, inexpensive and effective response to the challenges of living in dry areas where every raindrop is precious.."},

{"topics": ["rainwaterharvestingjar","watergatherers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Rainwater harvesting jar; Sri Lanka; Replica; American Museum of Natural History, Exhibition"},

{"topics": ["melbourneaustralia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.3"},
"inst_kwic":"In Melbourne, (above) rain collected from the roofs of tall buildings is used to irrigate this nearby park."},

{"topics": ["yemenistepwell","watergatherers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.3"},
"inst_kwic":"For thousands of years people in dry places have engineered channels, dams and storage pools in order to capture what rainfall and runoff there is. Large cisterns like this one in Yemen have steps down to the water level."},

{"topics": ["petrajordan","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Rain was an important source of water in the ancient trading city of Petra, Jordan, which supported a population of perhaps 20,000 in a place where a mere 15 centimeters (six inches) of rain fell a year."},

{"topics": ["saltwater","freshwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Today, sophisticated filtration devices have made removing salt from seawater&mdash;a process called desalination--a reality in some places."},

{"topics": ["galapagosmarineiguana"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.9"},
"inst_kwic":"In the marine iguana these salt-removal glands drain into the nasal passages; occasionally the animal sneezes out a fluid that&rsquo;s much saltier than seawater. "},

{"topics": ["reverseosmosisfiltermembrane","saltwater","freshwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Seawater at high pressure is forced through a special membrane that keeps salty water out but lets fresh water through. "},

{"topics": ["perthaustralia","saltwater","watersupply"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Perth practices desalination with a difference: they use wind power&mdash;a clean, renewable source-- for this energy-intensive process"},

{"topics": ["deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Deserts, tan in this image (above) today cover about 25% of Earth&rsquo;s surface. More than 500 million people live in deserts and dry lands."},

{"topics": ["unitedarabemirates","deserts","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Farm, United Arab Emirates; Population 4,444,011 (2007); Annual rainfall 120mm (5 inches)"},

{"topics": ["scottsdalearizona","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Scottsdale, Arizona; Population 230,000 (2006); Average yearly rainfall 210 mm (8 inches)"},

{"topics": ["lasvegasnevada","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Las Vegas, Nevada; Population 1,820,232 (2006); Average yearly rainfall 120mm (5 inches) "},

{"topics": ["mesacountycolorado","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Mesa County, Colorado; Population 134,189 (2006); Average yearly rainfall 203 mm (8 inches)"},

{"topics": ["saudiarabia","deserts","agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Farm, Saudi Arabia; Population 27,601,038 (2007); Average yearly rainfall 100mm (4 inches)"},

{"topics": ["dubai","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Dubai; Population 1.4 million (2006); Annual rainfall 100-200 (4-8 inches) "},

{"topics": ["tucsonarizona","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Tucson, Arizona; Population 518,956 (2006); Average yearly rainfall 300mm (12 inches)"},

{"topics": ["alainoasisabudhabi","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Al Ain oasis, Abu Dhabi; Population 348,000 (2003); Average yearly rainfall 361mm (14 inches)"},

{"topics": ["palmspringscalifornia","deserts"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.5"},
"inst_kwic":"Palm Springs, California; Population 47,806 (2006); Average yearly rainfall 150mm (6 inches)"},

{"topics": ["fogcatching","watersupply"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.6"},
"inst_kwic":"...plants, animals and humans&mdash;have developed ingenious ways to extract liquid water from fog."},

{"topics": ["condensation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.6"},
"inst_kwic":"To get a drink, these beetles wait for fog to roll in from the ocean...The fog condenses into water droplets on bumps on the beetles' backs. When the drops become large and heavy enough, they roll into the insects' mouthparts."},


{"topics": ["namibdesertbeetle"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.6"},
"inst_kwic":"Some beetles in the Namib Desert in southwestern Africa, such as Onymacris unguicularis (above), trap and drink water from the fog."},

{"topics": ["invasiveplants"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.7"},
"inst_kwic":"Around the world, ecosystems are being disrupted by invasive plants... What&rsquo;s more, many of these species are especially thirsty."},

{"topics": ["workingforwatersouthafrica"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.7"},
"inst_kwic":"By hiring jobless people to remove invasive plants, the program has cleared more than one million hectares (2.5 million acres) of these thirsty plants,"},

{"topics": ["southafrica"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.7"},
"inst_kwic":"Water in South Africa is an especially precious commodity. "},

{"topics": ["fynbos"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.7"},
"inst_kwic":"...a unique plant community, the fynbos (FAIN-boss), that is well-adapted to dry conditions."},

{"topics": ["playpump","villagepump","watersupply"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"7.8"},
"inst_kwic":"As children spin on this merry-go-round, they are also pumping water from a deep well called a borehole."},

{"topics": ["bottledwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Bottled water is definitely convenient, but that convenience comes at a cost. Pumping water uses energy; making plastic bottles uses energy; shipping water from distant places uses energy as well."},

{"topics": ["cholerabacteria"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.2"},
"inst_kwic":"With water treatment and sanitation&mdash;that is, proper waste disposal&mdash;cholera has been virtually eliminated in wealthier nations."},

{"topics": ["johnsnow"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.2"},
"inst_kwic":"A London doctor, John Snow, first made the link between cholera and water in 1854."},

{"topics": ["copepods"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.2"},
"inst_kwic":"The waterborne bacterium that causes cholera, Vibrio cholerae, has evolved a partnership with tiny aquatic creatures called copepods"},

{"topics": ["indiansari"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.2"},
"inst_kwic":"...resourceful women in Bangladesh have been applying the simplest of cholera defenses. By filtering drinking water through a sari folded eight times, they have cut cholera rates in half."},

{"topics": ["lifestrawfilter","freshwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.2"},
"inst_kwic":"This inexpensive personal filters uses a textile filter to screen out tiny particles, a disinfectant to eliminate the bacteria responsible for diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid and activated charcoal to improve the taste."},

{"topics": ["watersupply","groundwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.7"},
"inst_kwic":"Flowing groundwater sometimes comes in contact with manmade chemicals in the soil...One gallon (3.8 liters) of gas can contaminate 1,000, 000 gallons of groundwater  (3,700,00 liters)"},

{"topics": ["xenopuslaevis"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.3"},
"inst_kwic":"...experiments have shown that as little as one part per billion of the weed-killer in the water shrinks the voice box--or larynx--of male Xenopus laevis."},

{"topics": ["antibacterialsoap"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Antibacterial soaps aren&rsquo;t any better than ordinary soap at preventing household illnesses. Traces of antibacterial soap in the water could even help create strains of resistant bacteria. So&mdash;why use them?"},

{"topics": ["waterpollution"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Water is the ultimate sink for chemicals, including weed killers, pesticides and fertilizers."},


{"topics": ["rotifers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.4"},
"inst_kwic":"The microorganisms called rotifers were so named because of the two rotating wheel-like lobes that sweep food into the animal&rsquo;s mouth and propel it along. "},

{"topics": ["oscillatoria"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.4"},
"inst_kwic":"Oscillatoria... owe their name to the way they move, gliding with a waving motion&mdash;or oscillation--through the water."},

{"topics": ["giardia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.4"},
"inst_kwic":"...it attaches to the intestinal wall, possibly interfering with the intestine&rsquo;s ability to absorb fluid and resulting in what may be severe diarrhea."},

{"topics": ["cryptosporidium"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.4"},
"inst_kwic":"A 1993 outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in the U. S. city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, caused by a compromised water treatment plant, killed more than 100 people."},

{"topics": ["euglena"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.4"},
"inst_kwic":"This microbe, Euglena, is a bit like a plant and a bit like an animal."},

{"topics": ["didinium"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.4"},
"inst_kwic":"It paralyzes its victim with poison darts called trichocysts (TRICK-oh-sists), then swallows it whole."},

{"topics": ["nakivuboswamp","wetlands"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"...this wetland helps keep some pollutants from getting into the lake, source of the city&rsquo;s water."},

{"topics": ["lakevictoriauganda"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"Nakivubo Swamp is a wetland on the northern shores of Lake Victoria near Kampala, Uganda."},

{"topics": ["kampalauganda"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"Most Kampala residents lack city water and sewage treatment, so wastewater is allowed to flow into the swamp"},

{"topics": ["waterpollution"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"The amount of living matter—or biomass—in a wetland may be 10 to 1,000 times that of dry land nearby. Some of these plants, especially cattails and certain grasses, absorb pollutants."},

{"topics": ["greatlakes"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(The Great Lakes) hold about 20 percent of all the accessible fresh water on Earth."},

{"topics": ["brownbullhead","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Brown bullhead featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["northernpike","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Northern pike featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["pickerelweed"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Pickerel weed featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["waterlily"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Water lily featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["bullfrog","frogs"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Bullfrog featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["northernwatersnake"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Northern water snake featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["commonsnappingturtle"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Common snapping turtle featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["muskrat"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Muskrat featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["pumpkinseedsunfish","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Pumpkin seed fish featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["yellowperch","fish"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Yellow perch featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["arrowhead"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Arrowhead featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["broadleafedcattail"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Broadleaf cattail featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["duckweed"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Duckweed featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["softstembulrush"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Soft stem bulrush featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["twelvespottedskimmer","dragonfly"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Twelve spotted skimmer featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["greenfrog","frogs"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Green frog featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["easternpaintedturtle"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Eastern painted turtle featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["redwingedblackbird","birds"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.6"},
"inst_kwic":"(Red wing blackbird featured in wetlands diorama)"},

{"topics": ["groundwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.7"},
"inst_kwic":"Taken all together, the volume of groundwater is huge: estimates range from 30 to 100 times more than is in all Earth&rsquo;s rivers, lakes and streams."},

{"topics": ["subsidence","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.7"},
"inst_kwic":"When we withdraw groundwater faster than rainfall or surface water can soak in to replace it, the ground can sink beneath our feet&mdash;literally"},

{"topics": ["sanjoaquinvalleycalifornia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.7"},
"inst_kwic":"...the land surface sank about nine meters (30 feet) in a little over half a century. "},

{"topics": ["bangladesh"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.7"},
"inst_kwic":"In Bangladesh, millions of deep wells were drilled to end use of bacteria-laced surface water. ...But many of the wells turned out to contain high levels of naturally occurring arsenic.."},

{"topics": ["geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.8"},
"inst_kwic":"If water couldn't flow through rocks we'd have no groundwater, that priceless and fragile natural resource relied on by billions of people."},

{"topics": ["aquifer","groundwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.8"},
"inst_kwic":"Many rocks consist of tiny particles...water can flow through these spaces and be held there. When that happens, the rock becomes part of the groundwater system, or <em>aquifer</em>, which is Latin for &ldquo;water bearer.&rdquo;"},

{"topics": ["sandstone","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.8"},
"inst_kwic":"Fine-grained rocks such as sandstone make good aquifers. They can hold water like a sponge, and with their tiny pores, they are good at filtering surface pollutants."},

{"topics": ["dolomite","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.8"},
"inst_kwic":"This type of rock can easily be dissolved by slightly acidic water. Underground caverns can develop in regions where dolomite or limestone is common&mdash;the water eats away the rock."},

{"topics": ["granite","geology"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.8"},
"inst_kwic":"The crystals are tightly interlocked, so the granite isn&rsquo;t very porous."},

{"topics": ["reclaimedwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, in southern Africa, is one of the driest places on Earth. To extend its shrinking water supply, the city has introduced reclaimed water to reservoirs since the late 1960s..."},

{"topics": ["ultravioletlight"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.9"},
"inst_kwic":"Ultraviolet light&mdash;invisible, short-wave radiation-- damages DNA. That&rsquo;s why just exposing water to sunlight for a day can help kill microbes."},

{"topics": ["windhoeknamibiaafrica"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"8.9"},
"inst_kwic":"To extend its shrinking water supply, the city has introduced reclaimed water to reservoirs since the late 1960s, sometimes at levels up to 30%, with no ill effects."},

{"topics": ["aquaticecosystems"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.0"},
"inst_kwic":"Aquatic ecosystems are essential to life&mdash;and they&rsquo;re very fragile. When we alter these systems&mdash;from wetlands to rivers to coral reefs&mdash;we often transform them so much that they no longer function at all. But there&rsquo;s hope: many aquatic systems tend to be resilient. "},

{"topics": ["mesopotamia"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.8,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Some of the world's first civilizations arose over 6,000 years ago in a region of the Middle East called Mesopotamia—a name derived from the ancient Greek words for land &ldquo;between the rivers.&rdquo;"},

{"topics": ["agriculture"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.5,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"And with the development of irrigation technologies, lush fields yielded plentiful crops, cities emerged and Mesopotamian civilizations thrived."},

{"topics": ["tigris","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Regular flooding along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers made the land there especially rich."},

{"topics": ["euphrates","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.4,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Regular flooding along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers made the land there especially rich."},

{"topics": ["madan"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"The Ma'dan, descendants of those early inhabitants, still live in the land between the rivers in the Mesopotamian marshlands..."},

{"topics": ["syria"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Ancient Mesopotamia encompassed most of the Euphrates-Tigris river basin, an area today occupied by modern Iraq and parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran."},

{"topics": ["turkey"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Ancient Mesopotamia encompassed most of the Euphrates-Tigris river basin, an area today occupied by modern Iraq and parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran."},

{"topics": ["iran"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Ancient Mesopotamia encompassed most of the Euphrates-Tigris river basin, an area today occupied by modern Iraq and parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran."},

{"topics": ["iraq"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Ancient Mesopotamia encompassed most of the Euphrates-Tigris river basin, an area today occupied by modern Iraq and parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran."},

{"topics": ["gardenofeden"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Mesopotamia was home to some of the world's first civilizations. Some people believe the region was even the site of the biblical Garden of Eden."},

{"topics": ["sumer"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Mesopotamia's first great civilization, Sumer, may have also produced the world's first written language."},

{"topics": ["cuneiformtablet"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.1"},
"inst_kwic":"Cuneiform tablet; c. 2050 BC; Ceramic; Ur, Sumer (southeastern Iraq); American Museum of Natural History 73/6282"},

{"topics": ["mississippiriverdelta","rivers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.2"},
"inst_kwic":"Built by sediments deposited by the Mississippi River over thousands of years, the delta is at the mercy of the river's path."},

{"topics": ["monolake"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.6,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Mono Lake is saltier than the sea. Creeks wash minerals, including salts, from the surrounding mountains into the lake, which has no outlet."},

{"topics": ["saltwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.3"},
"inst_kwic":"Mono Lake is saltier than the sea. Creeks wash minerals, including salts, from the surrounding mountains into the lake, which has no outlet."},

{"topics": ["paiutepeople"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.2,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.3"},
"inst_kwic":"As late as the mid-1800s, a group of Paiute Native Americans lived at Mono Lake and regularly collected and ate alkali fly pupae."},

{"topics": ["californiagull","birds"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"9.3"},
"inst_kwic":"In late spring every year, about 50,000 California gulls come to breed at Mono Lake, primarily on Negit Island."},

{"topics": ["waterpollution"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"10.1"},
"inst_kwic":"The Bronx River has a history of pollution and degradation. So many natural areas adjacent to the river have been used to dump tires, batteries and household waste."},

{"topics": ["agriculture","irrigation"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"10.1"},
"inst_kwic":"My husband and I have a spring that we developed into a small pond and we irrigate the whole farm out of the pond."},

{"topics": ["bottledwater"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"10.1"},
"inst_kwic":"I know that at my school, students consume huge amounts of bottled water and other drinks without really thinking about it."},

{"topics": ["watergatherers"],
"inst_type":"amnh_exhib",
"inst_rel":0.3,
"rid_ref":{"exhib_id":"water",
"excase_id":"10.1"},
"inst_kwic":"I grew up in Germany and my parents had a water barrel since you don't have to pay for rainwater. You just collect it and put it on your garden."}

]
;