Arthropod Conifer Checklist ARTHROPODS DIPTERA (Flies) One pair of wings Hind wings reduced to tiny knobs (halteres) EPHEMEROPTERA (Mayflies) Very soft body Tip of abdomen with 2-3 thread-like tails (caudal filiments) Usually with two pairs of wings (sometimes one pair) When there are two pairs of wings, hind wings are much smaller than front wings LEPIDOPTERA (Moths / Butterflies) Two pairs of wings covered with powdery scales Mouthparts usually a coiled tube (proboscis) for sucking TRICHOPTERA (Caddisflies) Two pairs of wings covered with hair Wings held roof-like at rest HOMOPTERA (Hoppers and Aphids) Sucking mouthparts in the form of a rigid beak Antennae often short and bristley Two pairs of wings (sometimes without wings) When wings are present, they are held roof-like at rest Body sometimes with hard projections that make it look like a thorn Forms without wings (aphids) have very soft bodies with two short projections (cornicles) at the tip of the abdomen NEUROPTERA (Lacewings) Two pairs of wings with many cross veins, sometimes bright green Wings held roof-like at rest PSOCOPTERA (Bark lice) Tiny insects with very soft, pale colored bodies Relatively long antennae Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings or without wings When wings are present, they are held roof-like at rest ODONATA (Dragonflies & Damselflies) Antennae always short and bristley Abdomen always long Two pairs of wings Front and hind wings similar in texture, size and shape ISOPTERA (Termites) Usually found in colonies with many individuals, some of which may have very large mandibles (soldier caste) Very soft, pale colored bodies Two pairs of wings or without wings When wings are present, front and hind wings are similar in size and shape, and held flat over abdomen when at rest MECOPTERA (Scorpionflies) Head elongated into a "beak" Males with the last abdominal segment enlarged and held over the body like a scorpion's stinger Two pairs of wings (occasionally tiny or missing wings) Front and hind wings similar in texture, size and shape HYMENOPTERA (Bees, Wasps, Ants) Body often with a narrow "waist" Two pairs of wings (bees and wasps), sometimes without wings (ants and wingless wasps) When wings are present, hind wings are smaller than front wings Antennae of the wingless forms usually have a bend in the middle PLECOPTERA (Stoneflies) Body very soft, with two projections (cerci) at the end of the abdomen Two pairs of wings, hind wings wider than front wings At rest, the hind wings are folded underneath the front wings, and held flat over the abdomen HETEROPTERA (Bugs) Front wings with clear tips (hemelytra), overlapping at rest, revealing a triangular panel on the back (scutellum) Front wings a rigid or leathery covering for clear hind wings Sucking mouthparts in the form of a rigid beak COLEOPTERA (Beetles) Rigid front wings (elytra) meet in a straight line down the middle of the back Front wings (sometimes tiny) a rigid or leathery covering for clear hind wings Chewing mouthparts BLATTARIA (Cockroaches) Front wings a rigid or leathery covering for clear hind wings Head hidden from above by a hood-like structure (pronutum) Chewing mouthparts Fast runners MANTODEA (Mantids) Strong front legs with prominent spines for grasping prey, hind legs long and slender Front wings a rigid or leathery covering for clear hind wings Chewing mouthparts ORTHOPTERA (Grasshoppers & Crickets) The femora of the hind legs are enlarged for jumping Front wings a rigid or leathery covering for clear hind wings Chewing mouthparts PHASMIDA (Walking sticks) Slow-moving, resembles a twig Long, thin body with tiny or missing wings COLLEMBOLA (Springtails) Very soft body, often < 2mm Usually with a spring-like structure (furcula) on the underside of the abdomen used for jumping Without wings Mouthparts hidden within head THYSANOPTERA (Thrips) Tiny insects with very soft, slender bodies Fairly >short antennae Sometimes without wings, but adults may actually have barely visible wings with fringes of hair Sucking mouthparts SIPHONAPTERA (Fleas) Tiny jumping parasites almost always found on mammals or birds, where they suck blood Body has flattened sides Without wings DERMAPTERA (Earwigs) Prominent "pincers" (cerci) at the tip of the abdomen Tiny or missing wings OPILIONES (Daddy-Longlegs) Four pairs of long, slender legs (the second pair is the longest) Body in one piece Abdomen with distinct segments SCORPIONES (Scorpions) Conspicuous "pincers" (pedipalps) ahead of shorter legs Abdomen with distinct segments, abdomen ends in a stinger Fairly large body Four pairs of legs PSEUDOSCORPIONES (Pseudoscorpions) Conspicuous "pincers" (pedipalps) ahead of shorter legs Abdomen with distinct segments, the abdomen does not end in a stinger Small body usually < 3mm Four pairs of legs ARANAE (Spiders) Body clearly divided into two main parts (cephalothorax and abdomen) Abdomen without segments Four pairs of legs ACARI (Mites & Ticks) Body usually tiny, oval-shaped (not divided into two main parts) Abdomen without segments Four pairs of legs (immatures with three pairs of legs) ISOPODA (Pillbugs, sowbugs) Body composed of hard, flattened plates Seven pairs of tiny legs, barely visible from above Some roll up into balls SYMPHYLA Slender and whitish body, often about 1 mm long 10 - 12 pairs of short legs CHILOPODA (Centipedes) Flattened body More than 15 pairs of legs, visible from above One pair of legs attached to each body segment DIPLOPODA (Millipedes) Usually tube-like body (sometimes flattened) More than 30 pairs of legs Two pairs of legs attached to each body segment CONIFERS TAXUS (Yew) Dark green needles Each fleshy, bright red fruit partially covers a black seed TORREYA Single needles Fleshy, oval green-purple fruits with a diameter of approximately 25 mm JUNIPERUS (Juniper) Trees with needles and/or overlapping scales that are often bluish or light green Berry-like blue-black fruits with a diameter of approximately 10 mm PINUS (Pine) Needles are tucked into papery sheaths Needles are attached to the twigs in clusters of 2 - 5 (needles rarely single) Woody cones LARIX (Larch) Soft, bright green needles are attached to the twigs in clusters of 12 - 50 Deciduous trees (needles turn golden before dropping) Woody cones PSEUDOTSUGA (Douglas fir) Single needles, soft and sharply pointed Cones have long, pointy bracts extending beyond scales Woody cones hang down from the lower side or end of the twig TAXODIUM (Baldcypress) Trees often found in swamps, with root "knees" Deciduous trees with scaly, shredding bark Single needles Woody cones attached along the length of the twig SEQUOIA (Coastal redwood) Some of the tallest trees in the world, found in California and Oregon Single needles attached directly to stems without woody projections Woody cones hang at the ends of twigs TSUGA (Hemlock) Flexible branches and treetops droop The flat, blunt needles are attached to twigs by little woody projections Twigs often have needles of different lengths Woody cones hang at the ends of twigs PICEA (Spruce) Single needles attached to twigs by little woody projections The stiff needles are angled in cross sections Woody cones hang at the ends of twigs SEQUIOADENDRON (Giant Sequoia) Massive trees found in California Overlapping leaf scales with alternate arrangement Woody cones 40 mm - 80 mm long, with numerous, spirally-arranged scales CHAMAECYPARIS (False Cypress) Tiny overlapping leaf scales with opposite or whorled arrangement Twigs usually form flattened "sprays" Globe-like cones,13 mm in diameter Cones with only a few opposite scales and 2 - 5 seeds per cone scale CUPRESSUS (Cypress) Tiny overlapping leaf scales with opposite or whorled arrangement, scale edges minutely toothed Twigs do not form flattened "sprays" Globe-like cones> 13 mm-40 mm in diameter Cones with only a few opposite scales and >5 seeds per cone scale CALOCEDRUS (Incense cedars) Tiny overlapping leaf scales mostly long, narrow and pointed, in whorls of 4 Urn-shaped cones with a few rigid, opposite scales are <40 mm long THUJA (Arborvitae) Tiny overlapping leaf scales mostly short and broad with blunt tips, with opposite arrangement Oval cones with a few flexible, opposite scales are < 40 mm long

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