Books

Chenoweth, Stanley, and Jay McGowan. Periwinkles in Maine: Fisheries and Biology. Boothbay Harbor, ME: Department of Marine Resources, 1993.

Kingsbury, John M. Analyses of hydrozoa, gastropods, and ectoprocts. New York: Cornell University, 1976.

Morris, Perry A. Field Guide to the Shell. Boston: Houghton, 1951.

Tupper, E.J. "Temperature Effects on Periwinkle Activity: Behavior and Metabolism." (2002): Unpublished.

Tupper, E.J. "The Intersite and Intrasite Variations in Common Periwinkle Populations for Three Temperature Sites in Casco Bay, Maine." (2003): Unpublished.

Journal Articles

Gowanloch, J.N. and F.R. Hayes. "Contributions to the study of marine gastropods. Part I. The physical factors, behavior and intertidal life of Littorina." Contr Canad Biol, N.S. 3 (1926): 135-165.

Kelaher, et al. "Foraging by the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta modulates spatial variation in benthic community structure." J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 292 (2003): 139-157.

Moore, H.B. "The biology of Littorina littorea. Part I. Growth of the shell and tissues, length of life and mortality." J Mar Biol Ass U.K. 21 (1936): 721-42.

Newell, G.E. "Animal zones on the North Kent Coast." S East Nat 59 (1954): 34-56.

Petraitis, Peter S. "Effects of intraspecific competition and scavenging on growth of the periwinkle Littorina littorea." Mar Ecol Prog Ser 236 (2002): 179-187.

Smith, J.E.and G.E. Newell. "The dynamics of the zonation of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea (L.) on a stony beach." J Anim Ecol 24 (1955): 35-56.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. "Evidence of counter gradient variation in the growth of an intertidal snail in response to water velocity." Mar Ecol Prog Ser 243 (2002): 123-31.

"Phenotypic selection in an intertidal snail: effects of a catastrophic storm." Mar Ecol Prog Ser 151 (1997): 73-79.

"Phenotypic clines, plasticity, and morphological tradeoffs in an intertidal snail." Evolution 54 (2000): 151-66.

Trussell, Geoffrey C, Patrick J. Ewnchuk, and Mark D. Bertness. "Trait-mediated effects in rocky intertidal food chains: predator risk cues alter prey feeding rates." Ecology 84 (2003): 629-40.

Williams, E.E. "The growth and distribution of Littorina littorea (L.) on a rocky shore in Wales." J Anim Ecol 337 (1964): 413-432.

Web Sites

Marine Resources in Maine—Commercial Landings for 2002. Department of Marine Resources. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 9 December 2003. http://www.maine.gov/dmr/commericalfishing/2002/landingsbyspecies.htm