README The file is the matrix version (in Hennig86/NONA format) of the implied alignment of the combined data. Appended to this matrix are the 25,872 most parsimonious trees obtained. For details regarding the data and analyses see Grant et al. (2006). All DNA sequences are available on GenBank. The remaining files are input files formatted for analysis in POY under direct optimization; pound signs ("#") divide sequences into contiguous fragments: dendro_h3.poy: Unaligned histone H3 sequences dendro_mt.poy: Unaligned mitochondrial H-strand transcription unit 1 sequences dendro_rhod.poy: Unaligned rhodopsin exon 1 sequences dendro_rhod.poy: Unaligned seventh in absentia sequences dendro_tyr.poy: Unaligned tyrosinase exon 1 sequences dendro_28s.poy: Unaligned large ribosomal subunit (28S) sequences dendro_cytb.poy: Unaligned cytochrome b sequences dendro_coi.poy: Unaligned cytochrome c oxidaes I sequences dendro_rag.poy: Unaligned RAG 1 sequences dendro_morph2.poy: Matrix (in Hennig86 format) of phenotypic transformation series terms: List of included terminals used in conjunction with the "terminalsfile" command in POY. ERRATA 1. On numerous pages it is claimed that interpretation of the of the specimens for which sequence data were published by Santos et al. (2003) was hindered by the lack precise locality data in the published paper. Although locality data were not included in the article itself, they are available for most specimens as Supporting Information online, at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/2133521100/DC1. This unfortunate error is due to an oversight by the first author. 2. Page 105. In the caption for Figure 64, B should read "State 1, directed posteriad." 3. Page 164: In error, Ameerega peruviridis is reported as a new combination. This is actually the original combination, as reported correctly on p. 207. 4. Pages 157 (text and Table 37), 180: In four places on these pages, authorship for Aromobates and Aromobates nocturnus is incorrectly given as Myers, Daly, and Paolillo, 1991. As given elsewhere, it should be Myers, Paolillo, and Daly, 1991. 5. Page 160. Under the Content of Aromobatinae the authorship for Aromobates Myers, Paolillo, and Daly, 1991 and Mannophryne La Marca, 1991 were unintentionally ommitted. 6. Leptodactylus hylaedactylus is misspelled hylaedactyla throughout the paper. 7. The source of Hylorhina sylvatica was not reported in Appendix 5. The sequence used is AY389153. 8. Page 11. Hylixalus was incorrectly treated as an incorrect spelling of Hyloxalus. It is actually an unjustified emendation and is therefore an available name. As such, Hylixalus Boulenger, 1882 is an objective junior synonym of Hyloxalus Jimenez de la Espada, 1871; the name passes into homonymy and can be used only as a replacement name for Hyloxalus. 9. Page 169. Under "Other characteristics" of Hyloxalus, a pale oblique lateral stripe ios claimed to be present. However, although it is present in almost all species of Hyloxalus, it is absent in a few (e.g., H. abditauranius). REFERENCES Grant, T., D. R. Frost, J. P. Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, C. F. B. Haddad, P. J. R. Kok, B. D. Means, B. P. Noonan, W. Schargel and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299: 1-262. Myers, C. W., A. Paolillo O. and J. W. Daly. 1991. Discovery of a defensively malodorous and nocturnal frog in the family Dendrobatidae: Phylogenetic significance of a new genus and species from the Venezuelan Andes. American Museum Novitates 3002: 1-33. Santos, J. C., L. A. Coloma and D. C. Cannatella. 2003. Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA: 21335-21100.