Great thinkers such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, and others provided a foundation for Albert Einstein's revolutionary theories.

E=mc²—Einstein's famous equation—shows that mass and energy are manifestations of the same thing.

According to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, our common-sense notions of space, time and motion must be radically revised at speeds approaching the speed of light.

Einstein's conception of the photon as a "particle of light" that behaves like a wave paved the way for the development of quantum mechanics and modern electronics.

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, the modern theory of gravitation, shows that mass bends space and space determines how mass moves. It explains many astrophysical phenomena, such as the curvature of space and the existence of black holes.

Physicists are working on a unifying theory that would resolve apparent contradictions between the two main pillars of modern physics—general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Einstein's work on the relationship between mass and energy and the subsequent development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons is a potent example of the social and political implications of scientific research.