Resources

• Text was and adapted excerpted from Paul Brinkman’s 2009 paper Dinosaurs, Museums, And The Modernization of American Fossil Preparation At The Turn Of The 20th Century in Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium (complete reference below). To read more in depth about the second fossil wars and the development of fossil preparation at the American Museum of Natural History, The Chicago Field Museum and Pittsburgh’s Carnegie Museum download the complete text. 

• Download Adam Hermann’s articles to learn more about his techniques and materials:

• Download Peter Whybrow’s 1985 article on the History of Fossil Collecting and Preparation Techniques.

• View additional historical images on exhibitions and expeditions from the American Museum of Natural History’s archives.

Aaseng, Nathan. 1996. American Dinosaur Hunters. Springfield, NJ: Enslow.

Brinkman, P. 2009.  “Modernizing American fossil preparation at the turn of the 20th century”. Methods in Fossil Preparation: Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium, Brown, M.A., Kane, J.F., and Parker W.G. Eds. pp.21-34.

Brinkman, Paul D., 2000. “Establishing vertebrate paleontology at Chicago’s Field Columbian Museum, 1893-1898”.  Archives of Natural History 27:1  pp.81-114.

Colbert, Edwin H. 1984. The Great Dinosaur Hunters and Their Discoveries.  New York: Dover. 

Hermann, Adam, 1909. “Modern Laboratory Methods in Vertebrate Paleontology”, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26, pp. 283-331.

Hermann, Adam, 1908. “Modern Methods of Excavating, Preparing and Mounting Fossil Skeletons”, The American Naturalist 42:493 pp. 43-47.

Kissel, Richard A. 2007. “The Sauropod Chronicles” Natural History April pp. 34-38.

Osborn, Henry F. 1904. “On the Use of the Sandblast in Cleaning Fossils” Science n.s.19 no:476  p.256.

Riggs, Elmer S. 1903. “The Use of Pneumatic Tools in the Preparation of Fossils”, Science n.s. 17 no 436. pp. 747-749.

Rixon, A.E., 1976. Fossil Animal Remains: Their Preparation and Conservation. London: Athlone Press.

Spalding, David A.E. 1993. Dinosaur Hunters. Rocklin, CA: Prima.

Whybrow, Peter J. 1985.  “A History of Fossil Collecting and Preparation Techniques” Curator 28:1 pp.5-26.

• Read a non-technical overview on collecting in Preserving Vertebrate Fossils: Notes from the Laboratory by Gregory Brown, Chief Preparator, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Nebraska State Museum.
• For more general information on excavating fossil specimens and how museums acquire specimens visit Collections Management.
• Read an essay The Past Recaptured, Again by American Museum of Natural History Senior Scientific Assistant Carl Mehling on specimens collected and awaiting preparation.

• For technical information consult Patrick Leiggi, Charles R. Schaff, and Peter May. 1994. Field Organization and Specimen collecting. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Read more about the history of collecting by downloading Peter Whybrow’s 1985 article “History of Fossil Collecting and Preparation Techniques” 

• Read an excerpt from a 1906 letter from William Diller Matthew, which gives an interesting taste of his experience collecting fossils in Porcupine Creek.

• Charles H. Sternberg wrote A Story of the Past or The Romance of Science, published by Sherman, French and Company, Boston, 1911. Read a poem excerpted from In the Laramie describing discovery, excavation, and transport of AMNH FARB 5060 Edmontosaurus sp.

To minimize the environmental impact of collecting, you should be familiar with resources on environmentally-sensitive camping. Take a look at the following:

• Leave No Trace – Outdoor Skills and Ethics

• Low-Impact Recreational Practices for Wilderness and Backcountry by David N. Cole, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report INT-265, August 1989

• Disturbance of Natural Vegetation by Camping: Experimental Applications of Low-Level Stress by David Cole of the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

• The website camping-tips.com has some useful information and checklists

• Download Charles R. Schaff’s nine-page pdf document Procedures in Collecting Fossil Vertebrates which covers, among other topics:
  • Methods of collecting and excavation
  • Excavating fossils
  • Jacketing fossils
  • Underwater screen washing
  • Recording specimen and locality data

• Additional field preparation tips by Marilyn Fox, Preparator at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.

• For an overview on collecting visit Preserving Vertebrate Fossils: Notes from the Laboratory by Gregory Brown, Chief Preparator, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Nebraska State Museum.
• For details on jacketing, download the presentation Jacketing the Desert Sands by Marilyn Fox, Faysal Bibi, and Andrew Hill, Yale University, available on the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology Preparators Session Page.
• Technical Paper #2: The RONDAN Jacket Support Clamp and Jacket Transport Sled by Ronald E. Peterson, N.V. “Dan” D’Andrea, and Andrew B. Heckert or the earlier print version of this paper under the same title, in New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 16, pp. 277-284 (S.G. Lucas, editor).
• Packing And Transporting Vertebrate Fossils Overseas by ReBecca Hunt.
• Colbert, Edwin H. 1980. A Fossil-Hunter’s Notebook: My Life with Dinosaurs and Other Friends. New York: Dutton.  For specific information on collecting see pages 63-64.
• Spalding, David A.E., 1993. Dinosaur Hunters. Rocklin: Prima Publishing.
• While some of the specific materials are out of date, the 1960 book Digging for Dinosaurs: Adventures in Nature and Science by Edwin H. Colbert and William A. Burns gives a good walkthrough of the excavation process for children.
• Further material can be found in Collections Management, including information on excavation and specimen data.

• Society of Vertebrate Paleontology’s (SVP) Preparators Materials & Methods
• Preplist - This is a list devoted to the exchange of information, questions, opinions, etc. about preparation of vertebrate fossils
• National Park Service Conserve-O-Gram series has an article on Vertebrate Skeletons: Preparation and Storage. 
• Information on fossil preparation techniques from The Vertebrate Paleontology Department Of The Florida Museum Of Natural History
• For a good site for school children to learn about fossil preparation go with Flat Stanley on a visit to the University of California Museum of Paleontology and their Paleo Lab.

Terminology 

• Fossil preparation is going through a transition–becoming less of an artisan trade and more of a profession. Preparators need to be able to communicate accurately with each other and with colleagues in related fields (conservators and conservation scientists, material scientists and chemists). There is a very specific nomenclature terminology for adhesives. This document helps define some of these terms. It is essential that preparators understand the nomenclature for adhesives to ensure that communication with colleagues, researchers and other allied professionals (e.g., conservators, conservation and/or material scientists, chemists) involved in the care and curation of fossil specimens is clear and accurate.  Adhesives can be discussed according to their:
  • Properties (e.g., heat-set, solvent evaporating) – these terms describe the way in which the adhesive acts.  For more on these properties read on below.
  • Chemical family (e.g., cyanoacrylates, polyvinyl butyrols, epoxies, acrylic resins, etc.) - Products in the same family will have the same basic chemical composition.
  • Trade or product line name (e.g., Paleobond, Acryloid, Butvar, Duco, Devcon, etc.) - These names are created for marketing and are subject to change at the manufacturers will or discretion.
  • Grade (e.g., PB40, 100, 750, or Paraloid B-72, B-76, etc.) – the grade is a way of specifying a particular product.  Each grade of within a chemical family will have the same basic composition but will differ slightly in chemical formula.  Sometimes the number refers to a specific aspect of the adhesive – such as its molecular size, other times it is a marketing tool. 
• With all names it is unsurprising that there is confusion. Issues commonly arise due to: 
• Interchangeable product names: A manufacturer may sell the same product under different names in different countries. For example, Rohm and Hass markets its ethyl methacrylate copolymer in the North America under the name Acryloid and in Europe as Paraloid. In 1997 the name Acryloid was dropped and the company began using Paraloid for this product line worldwide.  Similarly, Rohm and Hass’s product line of acrylic colloidal suspensions is known as Primal in Europe and Rhoplex in North America. The Conservation & Art Material Encyclopedia Online database created by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston is an excellent resource for checking on the formulation of specific products. 
• A lack of specificity: It is not enough to list B72, B76, or B15 as the adhesive used. B-72 could refer to Paraloid B-72, which is commonly used on fossils or Butvar B72 which is rarely used. Butvar B76 is actually a mix of three different polymers which are also used in Butvar B98 but the ratios are different in each. B15 normally refers to the product Vinac B15 but that adhesive is no longer made by Air Products and the designation is now given to a new product–PVA B15 made by McGean Company. 
• Change in a proprietary product line: Most adhesives whether from a trade supplier or corner hardware store are proprietary. The manufacturer can change its composition at will.  Sometimes this happens as a company is bought out (e.g. Butvar, originally manufactured by Monsanto was transferred to Solutia). Sometimes is purposeful so the product can be marketed as “new and improved”. Generally the standards for industrial adhesives is higher than for household products but if you notice that an adhesive looks or smells different, or has different working properties, there may have been a change in formulation. Those changes that might not be important for a use around the home can have a profound impact when applied to a fossil specimen. Ultimately the best way to avoid confusion when naming an adhesive in a treatment report is to use both the trade name and the grade (e.g. Butvar B76) and, when possible, the actual chemical composition should be given (e.g. Paraloid B-72 – ethyl methacrylate copolymer). 
• Download Velson Horie’s Adhesives Glossary. Learn more on the topic by taking the distance learning course Chemistry for Conservators through International Academic Projects.

• Much of the information on this topic was excerpted and adapted from An Introduction To Solution And Reaction Adhesives For Fossil Preparation by Amy Davidson and Samantha Alderson published in Methods in Fossil Preparation Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium, edited by Matthew A. Brown, John F. Kane, and William G. Parker. Petrified Forest, 2009. To learn more about the other talks given at the symposium visit the National Park Service Petrified Forest Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium page. 
• Download the document Adhesives and Adhesion by Jonathan Thornton, a professor in the conservation program at Buffalo State College.

Amaral, William W. 1994. Microscopic preparation. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Clark, Sandy and Ian Morrison. 1994. CT scan of fossils. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Goodwin, Mark B. and Dan S. Chaney. 1994. Molding and casting: techniques and materials. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Howie, Francis M.P. 1984.  “Materials used for conserving fossil specimens since 1930: a review”,  Adhesives and consolidants: preprints of the contributions to the Paris Congress, 2-8 September 1984.  pp 92-97.

May, Peter, Peter Reser and Patrick Leiggi. 1994. Macrovertebrate preparation. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, et al. Conservation of Fossil, Mineral, and Rock Collections.  The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Professional Development Workshop 2005 October 17-18 Mesa, Arizona.  Prepared and presented by Robert Waller, Gerald Fitzgerald, Chris Collins. p. 5.

• Get detailed information from the 2007 SVP presentation Preparing to Prepare Your Fossil Vertebrate: Setups to Maximize Speed and Control by Museum preparator Amy Davidson.

• Download a PowerPoint presentation Tips for Unjacketing by Museum preparator Amy Davidson with detailed information on how to safely open field jackets.
• Two detailed manuals, Wax On, Wax Off: A Guide to Fossil Vertebrate Micropreparation by Scott Madsen and Preparation of Small Vertebrate Fossils by Peter Parks give important information on things to consider before starting work on a specimen. 

• Read more in the Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture’s Lab Manual. 

• Read an essay The Past Recaptured, Again by Senior Museum Specialist Carl Mehling on specimens collected and awaiting preparation.

• For a complete manual with detailed information on mechanical preparation of microfossils download Wax On, Wax Off: A Guide to Fossil Vertebrate Micropreparation and Techniques for Recovery and Preparation of Microvertebrate Fossils by Scott Madsen. Wax On, Wax Off covers: 
  • Tools, Equipment, and Workspace
  • Removing matrix
  • Using adhesives Carbowax and Cyclododecane
  • Mounting and storing microfossils 
• Preparation of Small Vertebrate Fossils
  • Preparation techniques
  • Equipment
  • Photographic specimens
  • Storage of fossils

• Burke Museum
  • Introduction
  • Personnel
  • Lab Basics
  • Getting Started
  • Tools of the Trade
  • Techniques
  • Safety
  • In an Emergency

• Download the following presentations from the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology’s (SVP) Preparators Materials & Methods page
  • Temporary Gap-Filling to Stabilize an Exploded Matrix for Fossil Preparation: the Sand and Butvar B-76 Technique– Amy Davidson
  • Removing Fossil Ribs: The Thread Technique – Amy Davidson

• The website of the Vertebrate Paleontology Preparation Laboratory at the Yale Peabody Museum gives information on the preparation of some important collections in their collection.
• Air Abrasives 101: A primer to using air abrasive machines in fossil preparation a 2007 SVP presentation by J.P. Cavigelli of the Tate Museum.
• Amaral, William W. 1994. Microscopic preparation. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• May, Peter, Peter Reser and Patrick Leiggi. 1994. Macrovertebrate preparation. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, et al. Conservation of Fossil, Mineral, and Rock Collections.  The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Professional Development Workshop 2005 October 17-18 Mesa, Arizona.  Prepared and presented by Robert Waller, Gerald Fitzgerald, Chris Collins. p. 5.

• Download Adam Hermann’s article Modern Laboratory Methods in Vertebrate Paleontology to learn more about his techniques and materials. 

• For more information on acid prep download the documents by Museum preparator Dr. Robert Evander. The first gives information on several different techniques.The second gives a detailed description of acid preparation of fossil fish specimens from the Romualdo Member in the Santa Formation, an area of northeastern Brazil.

• Download “Acid preparation of fossils using sulfamic acid, a weak organic acid, and its advantages over acetic and formic acid preparation” by Carlos B. Padilla & Mary Luz Parra of the Fundación Colombiana de Geobiología originally presented at the 2009 Society for Vertebrate Paleontology Preparator’s Session.
• The booklet from the October 17-18, 2005 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Professional Development Workshop entitled “Conservation of Fossil, Mineral, and Rock Collections” taught by Robert Waller, Gerald Fitzgerald and Chris Collins has useful information on a variety of preparation and preservation techniques.
• There is an extensive bibliography on “Chemical, Thermal and Washing Methods of Preparation” on page 715 in Kummel, Barnhard and David Raup, 1965. Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company as well as articles on the “Use of Acids in Preparation of Fossils”, by G.A. Cooper and H.B. Whittington (p. 294) and “A Method for Obtaining Small Acid-resistant Fossils from Ordinary Solution Residues” by James Schopf (p. 301).
• Green, Owen R. 2001. A Manual of practical laboratory and field techniques in palaeobiology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Howie, Francis M.P., 1974. “Introduction of Thioglycollic Acid in Preparation of Vertebrate Fossils,” Curator. Number 2, pp. 159-172.
• Lindsay, William, 1995. "A Review of the Acid Technique," in The Care and Conservation of Palaeontological Materials, C. Collins (ed.), Oxford:  Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. pp. 95-101.
• Rutzky, Elvers, Maisey and Kellner,1994. “Chemical Preparation Techniques” In Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques, Volume 1, Patrick Leiggy and Peter May (eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.155-186.
• Rixon, A.E. 1949. “The use of acetic and formic acids in the preparation of fossil vertebrates”. Museum Journal, London 49. pp. 116-117.
• Toombs, H.A. 1948. “The use of acetic acid in the development of vertebrate fossils”. Museum Journal, London 48. pp. 54-55.
• Toombs, H.A. and A.E. Rixon, 1950. “The use of plastics in the “transfer method” of preparing fossils”. Museum Journal, London 50. pp. 105-107.
• Triplehorn, Don M., Bruce F. Bohor and William J. Betterton, December 2002 “Chemical Disaggregation of Kaolinitic Claystones Clays and Clay Minerals 50(6) pp. 766-770.
• Triplehorn, Don, 2002. "An Easy Way to Remove Fossils from Sandstones: DMSO Disaggregation," Journal of Paleontology 76(2): pp. 394-395.a

• Download floorplans and workstation diagrams from the Chicago Field Museum’s prep labs.

• Access additional recommendations on the Tools & Equipment required for macro- and micro-preparation activities.  
• For a complete manual with detailed information on tools, equipment and workspaces for the mechanical preparation of microfossils download Wax On, Wax Off: A Guide to Fossil Vertebrate Micropreparation by Scott Madsen. 

• Preparation of Small Vertebrate Fossils is a manual written by Peter Parks in 1972 with detailed information that is still valuable today with details on mechanical tools and techniques and other aspects of preparation.

• Visit UTCT Scanning Services FAQ page.
• To see examples of HRXCT imagery of fossil specimens visit the Digital Morphology library website.
• Click here to see a Quicktime HRXCT image of Interatheriidae (Notungulata, Mammalia).  Upeo Fauna (middle Cenozoic, ?Oligocene), Abanico Formation, Andes Mountains of central Chile.  Specimen number SGOPV 3774 (courtesy of vertebrate paleontology collections, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile; scans courtesy of Center for Quantitative Imaging , Pennsylvania State University; animation copyright J. Flynn/© AMNH).
• Clark, Sandy and Ian Morrison. 1994. CT scan of fossils. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• “Osteological Description of an Embryonic Skeleton of the Extinct Elephant Bird Aepyornis (Palaeognathae:Ratitae)”, by Amy M. Balanoff and Timothy Rowe, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:4, December 2007 pp. 1-53.

• For a complete manual with detailed information on tools, equipment and workspaces for the mechanical preparation of microfossils download Wax On, Wax Off: A Guide to Fossil Vertebrate Micropreparation by Scott Madsen.

• Preparation of Small Vertebrate Fossils is a manual written by Peter Parks in 1972 with detailed information that is still valuable today with details on mechanical tools and techniques and other aspects of preparation.

• For more on micro-prep needles, see the chapter by William w. Amaral on “Microscopic preparation” in Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques by Patyrick Leiggi and Peter May, 1994.
• For more on air pedals for preparation download the 1998 SVP poster presentation A Foot-Controlled, Chip Blowing Needle For Micropreparation of Fossil Vertebratesby Museum preparator Amy Davidson. 

• Download the Burke Museum Lab Manual and read their section on Lab Basics and Tools of the Trade.

• The bulk of the text on this and the other pages on this topic was excerpted and adapted from An Introduction To Solution And Reaction Adhesives For Fossil Preparation by Amy Davidson and Samantha Alderson published in Methods in Fossil Preparation Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium, edited by Matthew A. Brown, John F. Kane, and William G. Parker. Petrified Forest, 2009.To read the complete text and access the specific citations download the full article.

• To learn more about the other talks given at the symposium visit the National Park Service Petrified Forest Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium page. Request a copy of the published proceedings. 
• Download the document Adhesives and Adhesion by Jonathan Thornton, a professor in the conservation program at Buffalo State College. This document covers topics including History, Terminology, Choice of Adhesive, and gives information on a wide range of specific adhesives used in conservation.

• Adhesives and consolidants in geological and paleontological applications; part one: introduction, guide, health and safety, definitions and  part two: wall chart. Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. 1997. vol 1 leaflet 2. By Ann Elder, Scott Madsen, Gregory Brown, Carrie Herbel, Chris Collins, Sarah Whelan, Cathy Wenz, Samantha Alderson and Lisa Kronthal.
• Learn more in the distance learning course Chemistry for Conservators. This course, taught by Velson Horie a leading expert in the field, is available through International Academic Projects. Download Horie’s useful Adhesives glossary. 

• Read a powerpoint and download the associated handout for Museum preparator Amy Davidson's case study on The use of cyanoacrylates and Butvar B-76 (polyvinyl butyral) on a specimen of Shuvuuia deserti (IGM 100/977) from Ukhaa Tolgod, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. 

• Read more about why 5-minute epoxy might not be the best choice for use in fossil preparation. 

The references listed below are those that were used in the research for this page. For additional references on this topic see the Bibliography.

Chiantore, O and M. Lazzari. 2001. Photo-oxidative stability of Paraloid acrylic protective polymers. Polymer 42 (1): 17-27.
Domaslowski, W. 1987-88. The mechanism of polymer migration in porous stones. Weiner Berichte uber Naturwissenschaft in Kunst 4/5: 402-425.
Down, J. L. 1984. The yellowing of epoxy resin adhesives: report on natural dark aging. Studies in Conservation 29: 63-76. Abstract accessible online on the IIC website Studies in Conservation page.
Down, J.L. 1986. The yellowing of epoxy resin adhesives: report on high intensity light aging. Studies in Conservation 31: 159-170.  Abstract accessible online on the IIC website Studies in Conservation page.
Down, J.L. 2001a. A literature review of cyanoacrylate adhesives. Reviews in Conservation 2: 35-38. Abstract accessible online on the IIC website Studies in Conservation page.
Down, J.L. 2001b. Review of CCI research on epoxy resin adhesives for glass conservation. Reviews in Conservation 2: 39-46.  Abstract accessible online on the IIC website Studies in Conservation page.
Down, J.L. and E. Kaminska. 2006. A preliminary study of the degradation of cyanoacrylate adhesives in the presence and absence of fossil material. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(3): 519-525.
Down, J.L. et al. 1996. Adhesive testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute: an evaluation of selected poly(vinyl acetate) and acrylic adhesives. Studies in Conservation 41 (1): 19-44. Abstract accessible online on the IIC website Studies in Conservation page.
Feller, R.L. and M. Curran. 1975. Changes in solubility and removability of varnish resins with age. Bulletin of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 15 (2): 17-26.
Feller, R.L. et al. 2007. Photochemical deterioration of poly(vinylbutyral) in the range of wavelengths from middle ultraviolet to the visible. Polymer Degradation and Stability 92 (5): 920-931.
Hansen, E.F. et al. 1993. Consolidation of porous paint in a vapor-saturated atmosphere: A technique for minimizing changes in the appearance of powdering, matte paint. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 32: 1-14.
Horie, C. V. 1987. Materials for conservation. London: Butterworths.
Howie, F.M.P. 1984. Materials used for conserving fossil specimens since 1930; a review. In: Bromelle, N.S., Pye, E.M., Smith, P., and Thompson, G. (eds.), Adhesives and Consolidants, Preprints of the Contributions to the Paris Congress, IIC: 92-8.
Johnson, J.S. 1994. Consolidation of archaeological bone: a conservation perspective. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(2): 221-233.
Koob, S.P. 1982. The instability of cellulose nitrate adhesives. The Conservator 6: 31-34.
Koob, S. P. 1986. The use of Paraloid B-72 as an adhesive: Its application for archaeological ceramics and other materials. Studies in Conservation 31: 7-14.
Lazzari, M., and O. Chiantore. 2000. Thermal-ageing of Paraloid acrylic protective polymers. Polymer 41 (17): 6447-6455.
Podany, J. et al. 2001. Paraloid B-72 as a structural adhesive and as a barrier within structural adhesive bonds: evaluations of strength and reversibility. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 40(1): 15-33.
Rixon, A.E. Fossil Animal Remains: their preparation and conservation,1976.
Wilks, H. series ed. 1987a. Science for Conservators. Book 1: An Introduction to Materials. London: Museums & Galleries Commission.
Wilks, H. series ed. 1987b. Science for Conservators. Book 2 :Cleaning. London: Museums & Galleries Commission.
Wilks, H. series ed. 1987c. Science for Conservators. Book 3: Adhesives and
Coatings. London: Museums & Galleries Commission.

• The bulk of the text on this and the other pages on this topic was excerpted and adapted from An Introduction To Solution And Reaction Adhesives For Fossil Preparation by Amy Davidson and Samantha Alderson published in Methods in Fossil Preparation Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium, edited by Matthew A. Brown, John F. Kane, and William G. Parker. Petrified Forest, 2009. To read the complete text and access the specific citations download the full article.

• To learn more about the other talks given at the symposium visit the National Park Service Petrified Forest Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium page. 
• Download the document Adhesives and Adhesion by Jonathan Thornton, a professor in the conservation program at Buffalo State College.  This document covers topics including: History, Terminology, Choice of Adhesive, and gives information on a wide range of specific adhesives used in conservation. 

• Learn more in the distance learning course Chemistry for Conservators. This course, taught by Velson Horie a leading expert in the field, is available through International Academic Projects. Download Horie’s useful Adhesives glossary. 

• Download Adhesives and consolidants in geological and paleontological applications; part one: introduction, guide, health and safety, definitions and  part two: wall chart. Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. 1997. vol 1 leaflet 2. By Ann Elder, Scott Madsen, Gregory Brown, Carrie Herbel, Chris Collins, Sarah Whelan, Cathy Wenz, Samantha Alderson and Lisa Kronthal.
• Read the associated handout for Museum preparator Amy Davidson's case study on The use of cyanoacrylates and Butvar B-76 (polyvinyl butyral) on a specimen of Shuvuuia deserti (IGM 100/977) from Ukhaa Tolgod, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. 

• Read more about why 5-minute epoxy might not be the best choice for use in fossil preparation. 

For additional information see the Labeling section in Collections Management.

The recommendations on this page were drawn, in large part, from Assembling An Archival Marking Kit For Paleontological Specimens, a poster presented at the 2006 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting by Amy Davidson and Samantha Alderson of The American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY and Marilyn Fox of The Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT.

Alten, Helen. "Numbering Museum Collections." ICOM Ethnographic Conservation Newsletter, Number 17, April 1998. pp. 18-21.

Braun, Thomas. J. An Alternative Technique for Applying Accession Numbers to Museum Artifacts. JAIC, 46 (2007): 91-104.

Koob, Stephen P. The Use of Paraloid B-72 as an adhesive: Its Application for Archaeological Ceramics and Other Materials. Studies in Conservation, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb. 1986), pp. 7-14.

Sullivan, B. and D.R. Cumberland, Jr. "Use of Acryloid B-72 Lacquer for Labeling Museum Objects." Conserve O Gram Number 1/4 (July 1993) National Park Service.

Williams, Stephen, and Catharine Hawks, "Inks for Documentation in Vertebrate Research Collections." Curator 29 (1986): 93-108.

Wood, Rose and Steve Williams. 1993. "An Evaluation of Disposable Pens for Permanent Museum Records."  Curator 36/3.

Wood, Rose, "A Note on 'Inks.'" SPNHC Newsletter 2 (1988)

Marking and Labelling Museum Objects from Museum Development South West of the UK, and Labelling and marking booklet from Collections Trust. 

The National Park Service’s Museum Handbook, Part II: Museum Records Web Edition has an Appendix J  on marking collections. More specific information on marking paleontological collections is available in the Museum Handbook, Part I: Museum Collections Appendix U  on the Care of Paleontological and Geological Collections.

• The information in this section was primarily drawn from the document Basics of Moldmaking by Marilyn Fox, Preparator at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Download the full document for additional detailed information. 

• Read the following presentations from the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Preparators Session website:
  • Molding and Casting of In-situ Articulated Skeletons in Soft Matrix: A Case Study from the Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska: Gregory Brown, University of Nebraska State Museum
  • Production of multi-purpose molds for versatile, detailed replication of large-scaled fossils: the Basilosaurus isis casting project as an exemplar: Michael Cherney, William Sanders, Philip Gingerich, and Iyad Zalmout, University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Mohamed Antar, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Wadi-Al-Hitan World Heritage Site, Fayum, Egypt. 2009

Detailed procedures for each of these molding techniques can be found in the Basics of Moldmaking by Marilyn Fox, Preparator at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University: 

• A one piece poured mold for flat specimens
• A one piece poured mold for small specimens
• Two (or more) part poured molds
• Layered molds
• A five - layer method for silicone molds
• Latex molds
• Jacketing
• Jackets for one-part molds
• Jackets for multi-part molds

Several additional documents are available which give detailed information on molding techniques used by preparators and exhibition specialists at the American Museum of Natural History during the renovation and reinstallation of the vertebrate fossil exhibits in the early 1990’s. These are presented as historical documents although preparators may find some of the information useful.

Silicone rubber is one of the more common materials used for molding. Two documents are available with detailed information on silicone.

• For an example of damage caused by an historic mount read the 2009 SVP poster presentation Armature damage in a mounted specimen by Robert Evander of the American Museum of Natural History. 
• Carpenter, Kenneth, James H. Madsen and Arnold Lewis. 1994. Mounting of fossil vertebrate specimens. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• National Park Service Conserve-O-Gram series
• The Getty Conservation Institute has resources on protecting cultural resources from seismic activity.  View their publications.
• The Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is available online.

• For more specifics on these housing methods download the Powerpoint presentation and read the associated pdf document by Marilyn Fox and Vicki Yarborough Fitzgerald, A Review of Vertebrate Fossil Support(and storage) Systems at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. 

• Download a PowerPoint presentation by AMNH preparator Amy Davidson on Cavity Mounts.

• Access the following presentations on the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology website: 
  • Vertebrate microfossil storage, the basics, and a new technique, Matthew Smith, Kimberly, OR
  • A simple process for fabricating small display mounts, Matthew Brown, Constance Van Beek, James Holstein, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL—abstract available on the Preparators page. 
  • A Technique To Create Form-Fitted, Padded Plaster Jackets For Conserving Vertebrate Fossil Specimens a 2005 SVP Preparators Session paper by Jabo, S.J.; Kroehler, P.A.; Grady, F.V., Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution.
• Museum interns involved in a large re-housing project maintained a blog on their work.
• The Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections website has information on vendors for collections preservation quality housing materials.

• Applying a Conservation Model to the Treatment of Fragile Dinosaur Bone. A poster presented by 2005 L. Kronthal, Christina Bisulca, and Amy Davidson, at the 2005 Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections Meeting. London, England.

• Basic principles of conservation and their application to paleontological collections: Preparation and collection care with purpose, a PowerPoint by Gregory Brown, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, NE presented at the 2007 SVP annual meeting.
• Preparation of a Fossil Dinosaur a pdf of a presentation given by Amy Davidson at the 2003 American Institute for Conservation Objects Specialty Group annual meeting (AIC Objects Specialty Group Postprints, Vol.10pp. 29-60).
• A Technique To Create Form-Fitted, Padded Plaster Jackets For Conserving Vertebrate Fossil Specimens a 2005 SVP Preparators Session paper by Jabo, S.J.; Kroehler, P.A.; Grady, F.V., Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution.
• Read another example in A Mammoth of a Project: The Conservation of a Columbian Mammoth, a Masters thesis by Shanna Larea Daniel
• Horie, C.V. 1987. Materials for conservation: organic consolidants, adhesives and coatings. London: Butterworth Heinemann.
• The Getty offers: AATA Online, a major database of conservation literature abstracts offered free by the GCI, in association with the International Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. 
• The Conservation Information Network (CIN) provides: BCIN, the Bibliographic Database of the Conservation Information Network, is the Web's most complete bibliographic resource for the conservation, preservation and restoration of cultural property.
• JAIC Online, The Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is a major source for conservation literature.
• Information on materials can be obtained from CAMEO a searchable information center developed by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The database contains chemical, physical, visual, and analytical information on over 10,000 historic and contemporary materials used in the production and conservation of artistic, architectural, archaeological, and anthropological materials.
• Shelton, Sally Y. 1994. Conservation of vertebrate paleontology collections. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Shelton, Sally Y. and Dan S. Chaney. 1994. An evaluation of adhesives and consolidants recommended for fossil vertebrates. Vertebrate paleontological techniques Volume 1. Patrick Leiggi and Peter May eds.New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Pyrite oxidation: Review and Prevention by Akiko Shinya and Lisa Bergwall, a poster presented at the 2007 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology annual meeting and available for viewing at practices
• Geological Curator Volume II Number 1, Pyrite Oxidation: Where Are We Now? 
• Sections U:7 and U8 of the National Park Service Museum Handbook Part I.
• Collins, Chris. 1995. Care and Conservation of Paleontological Material. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.

For more on training, read Caitlin Wylie’s 2009 paper Preparation In Action: Paleontological Skill And The Role Of The Fossil Preparator in Methods of Preparation.  

The published formal literature is limited but growing; see the Bibliography & Acknowledgements section of this website for more information.

For some web resources on preparation training take a look at:

• The Chicago Field Museum's YouTube channel has video clips relating to the preparation of ‘Sue” the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex fossil specimen yet discovered. In particular there is a clip on How Can I become a Preparator.
• Coursework on field and lab techniques are offered as part of the electives in the the Richard Gilder Graduate School at the American Museum of Natural History.
• The Department of Geology and Geological Engineering at the South Dakota School of Mines has both undergraduate and graduate degrees in Paleontology and runs a summer field school.
• Occasionally programs have been offered by the following institutions or departments:
  • Smithsonian Institution – National Museum of Natural History. Contact Steve Jabo in the Department of Paleobiology for more information
  • University of Michigan – through the Museum of Paleontology or Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and/or Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Use the bibliography for references on a wide range of preparation topics. Additionally, the following websites offer searchable databases of abstracts of literature; the articles themselves can often be found online or in a local library:

• AATA Online, a major database of conservation literature abstracts offered free by the Getty Conservation Institute, in association with the International Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
• BCIN, the Bibliographic Database of the Conservation Information Network, is the Web's most complete bibliographic resource for the conservation, preservation and restoration of cultural property.
• The Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, is a major source for conservation literature
• Information on materials can be obtained from CAMEO a searchable information center developed by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The MATERIALS database contains chemical, physical, visual, and analytical information on over 10,000 historic and contemporary materials used in the production and conservation of artistic, architectural, archaeological, and anthropological materials.

For more on this topic look at the following:

• The abstract of Matthew Brown’s 2008 paper Evaluation and certification of fossil preparators: ideas for the future given at the Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium (FPCS) held at Petrified Forest National Park. 
• The proceedings of FPCS conference mentioned above were edited by Matthew A. Brown, John F. Kane, and William G. Parker have been published. Download a copy and read more on the development of the field in Greg Brown’s Foreword in Methods of Preparation.

• Read “Preliminary Report on Professional Development in Vertebrate Fossil Preparation” Matthew Brown. 2009 Proceedings of the 15th Annual Tate Conference, Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium June 5-7, Tate Geological Museum, Casper College, Casper, Wyoming.

Joining relevant professional organizations will help keep you up to date with advances in the field and establish contacts with colleagues. You should also attend any available workshop on preparation techniques, adhesives, or storage. These are sometimes offered in conjunction with the annual Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting. 

• The Geological Collections Group is a UK-based organization that aims to improve the state and status of geological collections and their curation. Their journal, The Geological Curator is fully archived and available on-line: it is a mine of useful information on the preparation and conservation of fossils.
• Fossil preparators are using social networking tools to advance collaborate and organize.  Look for the group Vertebrate Paleontology Preparation and Conservation, and the Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium on Facebook.
• Various organizations, including SVP, the American Institute of Conservation, and the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, offer workshops on preparation techniques, adhesives, or storage, often as part of their annual meetings.
• The website of the Symposium of Palaeontological Preparation and Conservation provides information on fossil preparation in the U.K.

Several talks at the April 2008 Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium held at the Petrified Forest National Park also contain useful Health and Safety information. Abstracts are available online:

• The Preparator: A Survival Guide by Scott Madsen
• A Paleontology Laboratory Approach to Radon Hazards, Detection and Mitigation by Gavin McCullough
• ACTS is a not-for-profit corporation that provides health, safety, industrial hygiene, technical services, and safety publications to the arts, crafts, museums, and theater communities.  It also provides a worldwide free information service by phone, mail, and e-mail providing: professional safety and industrial hygiene advice; copies of educational materials; referrals to doctors and other and sources of help without cost.
• Howie, Frank M.  1992.  The Care and Conservation of Geological Material: Minerals, Rocks, Meteorites, and Lunar Finds.  Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.

• Respiratory Protection page on the Occupational Safety & Health Administration website
• A Conservator’s Guide to Respiratory Protection has information on a range of ventilation devices including respirators.
• Suppliers of respirators often have Buying Guides to help determine what kind of mask is appropriate to meet your needs.
• Read Scott Madsen’s case study Dust And Fume Evacuation Systems For Fossil Preparation Labs (broken link) on the installation of ventilation system at Dinosaur National Monument.  
• Download the PowerPoint of Heather Finlayson’s 2008 Society for Vertebrate Paleontology presentation Health and safety in the prep lab: a step-by-step guide to installing an efficient and cost effective dust collecting and ventilation system.
• Air Monitoring Guide by Industrial Hygienist Dennis Ertel gives information on how to conduct and evaluate air quality tests. The document is available in the Health and Safety section of the American Institute for Conservation’s website.

For a further explanation of the regulation and a summary on creating an appropriate plan access the American Institute for Conservation’s article Set Up for a Safe Space: A Chemical Hygiene Plan by Michael Grey White which also offers links to plans available online that can provide a useful templates covering topics such as:

• Standard operating procedures
• General safety principles
• Health and hygiene 
• Food and drink in the laboratory
• Housekeeping
• Chemical handling and storage

Understanding the risks involved in using any chemical or solvent is important. Labs should have a file or notebook of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for every chemical and solvent available for use as a mandatory part of safe lab practice. 

The scale of laboratory operations as well as many of the chemicals and solvents in fossil preparation are similar to those used by art conservators and the Health & Safety pages of the American Institute for Conservation website contains a wealth of relevant information including:

• A Conservator’s Guide to Labeling Hazardous Chemicals by Judy Bischoff is available in the Health and Safety section of the American Institute for Conservation’s website.
• Whether you work in an institutional or private preparation lab, you have both an ethical and safety obligation to dispose of your chemical waste properly and legally. From Cradle to Grave: Waste Management for Conservators written by Michael White, Judith J. Bischoff, Chris Stavroudis, and Lisa Goldberg of the American Institute for Conservation Health and Safety Committee contains pertinent information. Note that this article was published in 2001, so state and federal websites for hazardous waste disposal should also be accessed. 
• Health & Safety Technical Resources is a useful compilation of resources including regulatory, research and toxicological information.  

The following resources offer expanded information on dealing with radioactive specimens:

• Several of the National Park Service Conserve O Gram leaflets listed in the section on Security, Fire and Curatorial Safety and Natural History Specimens provide specific information on pertinent to fossil and geological specimens.  Of particular interest are:
• 2/1 Hazardous Materials Health and Safety Update 1993
• 2/10 Hazardous Materials in Your Collections 1998 
• 11/2 Storage Concerns for Geological Collections 1998
• 11/10 Radioactive Minerals 2006 
• 11/11 Health and Safety Issues with Geological Specimens 2006 
• The Mineralogy Database website offers a section on “Radioactivity in Minerals,” including a table of radioactive minerals.
• The Society of Mineral Museum Professionals website offers two reports produced by museums on the proper handling of geological collections. 
• The first report on “Radioactive Specimens in Museum Collections” was produced by The Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. 
• The second report on “Procedures for Management of Radioactive Mineral Specimens (1996)” was produced by the Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum, Golden, CO.

The following resources offer expanded information on dealing with radioactive specimens:

• Several of the National Park Service Conserve O Gram leaflets listed in the section on Security, Fire and Curatorial Safety and Natural History Specimens provide specific information on pertinent to fossil and geological specimens.  Of particular interest are:
• 2/1 Hazardous Materials Health and Safety Update 1993
• 2/5 Fossil Vertebrates as Radon Source: Health Update 1993 
• 2/10 Hazardous Materials in Your Collections 1998 
• 11/2 Storage Concerns for Geological Collections 1998 
• 11/10 Radioactive Minerals 2006 
• 11/11 Health and Safety Issues with Geological Specimens 2006
• McCullough, Gavin. “Radon Hazards, Detection, Mitigation.” 
• Air Monitoring Guide by Dennis Ertel gives information on how to conduct and evaluate air quality tests. The document is available in the Health and Safety section of the American Institute for Conservation’s website.

• The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, a large society of vertebrate paleontologists publishes the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
• The Geological Society of America includes many paleontologists and publications include the journal Geology.
• The Paleontological Society is a North American society of paleontologists that publishes the journals Paleobiology and Journal of Paleontology. Although geared towards professionals, The Paleontological Society also includes amateur members.
• The Paleontological Association is Britain’s paleontological society and publishes the journal Palaeontology and the Palaeontology Newsletter.
• The Geological Curators Group (GCG) is a UK-based organization that aims to improve the state and status of geological collections and their curation.
• The Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections
• American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 
• Natural Science Collections Alliance
• Taxonomic Databases Working Group
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility

• U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management
• USDA Forest Service Minerals and Geology Management 
• U.S. Geological Survey
• National Park Service Museum Handbook 
• National Park Service Paleontology Program 
• The Vertebrate Paleontology Department of The Florida Museum Of Natural History maintains a website with a focus on Florida but also broad enough to touch on every aspect of paleontology, from field collection techniques, to preparation and mounting of the fossils, to casting and moldmaking. There are also references to books and professional papers dealing with paleontology, as well as addresses of vendors who sell supplies, equipment, and chemicals used in collecting and preparing fossils. The site also contains information on local fossil clubs and acquiring a fossil collecting permit to collect on state lands and rivers in Florida.
• The Stony Brook University Vertebrate Fossil Preparation Laboratory website outlines basic preparation techniques.
• The website of the Vertebrate Paleontology Preparation Laboratory at the Yale Peabody Museum gives information on the preparation of some important collections in their collection.  
• The University of California Museum of Paleontology FAQs page has some basic information on how to legally, appropriately and safely collect fossils fossil including tips on equipment and supplies
• An in depth glossary of useful terms is available on the The University of California Museum of Paleontology website
• “Preserving Vertebrate Fossils: Notes From The Laboratory” by Gregory Brown.  University of Nebraska State Museum Museum Notes Number 87. February 1994. A good exploration of some basic issues for amateurs such as collecting, documentation, geology, and preparation with some answers to common questions.
• For a good site for school children to learn about fossil preparation go with Flat Stanley on a visit to the University of California Museum of Paleontology and their Paleo Lab.

• The journal, The Geological Curator from Britain’s Geological Curators Group is fully archived and available on-line: it is a mine of useful information on the preparation and conservation of fossils.
• JAIC online (Journal of the American Institute for Conservation) 
• MFA Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. CAMEO: Conservation & art Materials Online
• The Getty, Abstracts of International Conservation Literature 
• BCIN, the Bibliographic Database of the Conservation Information Network 
• The Natural History Collections Listserv (NHCOLL-L), a general purpose electronic forum for those with an interest in the care, management, computerization, conservation and use of natural history collections.

• Conservation Online
• Conserve-O-Gram 
• Canadian Conservation Institute Notes 
• Museum SOS
• Museum Pests

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• Collins, Chris and Shelton, Sally Reading List, 1996 Geological Conservation course. 1996. . G Brown
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• Feldmann, Rodney; Chapman, Ralph; Hannibal, Joseph Paleotechniques 1989. The Paleontological Society Special Pub. No. 4. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Hermann, Adam Modern Laboratory Methods in Vertebrate Paleontology. 1909. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 26:283-331. M Fox - original source
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• Rixon A.E. Fossil Animal Remains: their Preparation and Conservation. 1976. London: The Athlone Press of the University of London. 304 pp. M Fox - original source

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• Anonymous. Technology trends: a mighty cast. 1982. Technology and Conservation Magazine. vol. 7(4) 5-6. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Arnold, Zach M. The use of plastics in paleontology. 1965. In B. Kummel and D. Raup (eds.), Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 420-422. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Babcock, Loren E. Casting with plaster of paris. 1989. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication. pp. 320-325. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Baird, D. Latex molds in paleontology. 1951. Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon. 28(4):339345. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Baird, Donald. Latex micro-molding and latex-plaster molding mixture. 1955. Science. vol. 122(3161): 202. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Baird, Donald. Latex formen in de palaeontologie. 1974. Museologia. vol. 2: 41-43. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Barker, B.C.W., and K.C. Parsons. Replicas of teeth. 1965. Australian Dental Journal. no. 10: 393-394. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Bather, F.A. Plaster casts in a cargo of notions. 1926. The Museum Journal (London). vol. 25: 278-280. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Beale, A., C. Craine, and C. Forsythe. The conservation of plaster casts 1977. Preprints of papers presented at the fifth annual meeting of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. pp. 18-26
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• Brand, L., and G. Dupper. Dental impression materials useful for making molds of fossils. 1982. Journal of Paleontology. vol. 56(5): 1305-1307. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Burke, Ann C., Michael Anderson, Alison Weld, and Eugene S. Gaffney. The reconstruction and casting of a large extinct turtle, Meiolania. 1983. Curator . vol. 26(1): 5-26. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Cartmill, Matt and Hylander, William L. On the production, marketing and utilization of the Wenner-Gren casts. 1973. Yearbook of Physical Anthropoogy. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Chaney, C. and S. Skee. Plaster Mold and Model Making. 1973. New York: Van Nostrand Reinold Co. 144 pp. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Converse, Howard H. A new procedure in silicone rubber moldmaking. 1983. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin. no. 128: 65-66. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Converse, Howard H. Mildew protection in storage of latex molds. 1984. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin. no. 131: 49. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Davidson, A.R. A wax cast from an alginate mold: replicating a Velociraptor from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 42A
• De Lucia, R.H. Constructing large molds of very small objects. 1958. Curator. vol. 1(4): 53-62. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Edmund, Gordon. Mold making using silicone caulking compound. 1986. In J. Waddington and D.M. Rudkin (eds.), Procedings of the 1985 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections. Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications, Ontario:Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 15-20. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Evans, Y. Moulding and casting a dinosaur trackway. 1977. Kalori. vol. 53: 39-41. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Feldman, Maurice M. Simplified mold turner. 1985. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology New Bulletin. no. 133: 59. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Fischer, Alfred. Rubber casts and molds of fossils. 1939. Journal of Paleontology. vol. 13(6): 621. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Fitzgerald, G.R. The wet-epoxy-surface technique of casting with pour-in-place polyurethane foam. 1983. In D.J. Faber (ed.), Proceedings of the 1981 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections, Syllogeus no. 44. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. pp. 75-78 Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Gage, Carl, A process for making model sea anemones. 1966. Museum News, Technical Supplement No. 12. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Gill, E.D., K.E. Caster, and P.C.R. Boswell. Simple apparatus for vacuum injection of moulding latex. 1956. Australian Journal of Science. vol. 18(6): 198-199. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Grantham, R.G. Casting fossil footprints in a limited-access time location. 1983. In D.J. Faber (ed.), Proceedings of the 1981 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections. Syllogeus. no. 44: 79-87. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Heaton, Malcolm. J. New advances in latex casting techniques. 1980. Curator. 23(2):95-100.
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• Hicks, D. Reproduction of biological specimens in neoprene latex. 1966. Museum News of Washington, (Technical Supplement). vol. 45(4): 45-49. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Kelly, K. The Moulding and Casting of Dinosaurs: A Workshop Manual. 1983. Melbourne, Australia: Museum of Melbourne. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Kelly, S.R.A. and A. McLachlan. The use of silicone rubbers in the preparation of casts from natural fossil moulds. 1980. Geological Magazine. vol. 117(5): 447-454. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Keyes, I.W. Paleontological casting and molding techniques. 1959. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. vol. 2(1): 56-65. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Kroehler P. The life of a silicone mold: deterioration from epoxy use. 1996. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3, Suppl.): 46A-47A
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• Leiggi, P. The use of vinyl polysiloxanes and quick setting epoxies in paleontology. 1989. Journal of Paleontology. 63(2):256. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Maceo, P. I., and D. H. Riskind Field and laboratory moldmaking and casting of dinosaur tracks. 1989. In D. D. Gillette and M. L. Lockley (Eds.) Dinosaur tracks and traces (pp. 419-20). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Madsen, James H. Jr. Derakane vinyl ester resins - an alternative to plaster-of-paris. 1974. Curator. vol. 17(1): 64-75. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Mann, Alan and Janet Monge. Reproducing our ancestors: the University Museum's casting program. 1987. Expedition. vol. 29(1): 2-9. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Mason, Jane Preparation, molding, and casting of Protohippus simus. 1995. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3, Suppl.): 44A
• McCarty, Russ. Salvaging flawed plaster casts. 1982. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin. no. 126: 50-51. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• McCrady, A. D. Casting machine plans. 1978. The Chiseler. 1(2):17-21.
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• Milot, P.J. JR., Burns, J.A., Brunn, M. & Nason, G. Cost-effective processes for producing high-quality silicone moulds 1996. .
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• Morbeck, Mary Ellen. The use of casts and other problems in reconstructing the Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus wrist complex. 1977. Journal of Human Evolution. vol. 6: 65-78. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Murrill, Rupert I. and Donald T. Wallace. A method for making an endocranial cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull. 1971. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. vol. 34(3): 441-446. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Murrill, Rupert I. and Wallace, Donald T. A method for making an endocranical cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull. . American Journ. Phys. Anthro. 34: 441-446. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• O'Donnell, Robert and Hanley, John The "gourmet" staining of plaster casts. 1983. Curator. 26/4. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Obata, I., H. Maruo, H. Terakado, T. Murakami, T. Tanaka, and M. Matsukawa. Replicas of dinosaur tracks, using silicone rubber and fiberglass reinforced plastics. 1989. In D. D. Gillette and M. L. Lockley, (eds.) Dinosaur tracks and traces (pp. 397~07). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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• Parsons, Kenneth C. Applications of modern plastics to fossil casting techniques. 1968. In D.J. Mulvaney (ed.), Australian Archaeology, Manual no. 4. Canberra: A.I.A.S. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Parsons, Kenneth C. Precision casting: a new method in museum technology. 1973. American Journal ofPhysical Anthropology. 38(3): 789-802. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Quilty, P. G. and A. J. Williams The use of dental impression material for molding macrofossils. 1975. Journal of Paleontology. vol. 49(4): 767. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Silverstein, L.G. Safe handling of epoxy resin systems. 1968. In P.F. Bruins (ed.), Epoxy Resin Technology, New York: Interscience Publishers. pp. 123-139. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Slocum, A.W. New processes of taking impressions of natural molds of fossils. 1907. Science, n.s. vol. 25(641): 591-592. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Smith, C.B. History of investigations and a successful approach to megacasting at the Waco Mammoth Site. 1995. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3, Suppl.): 54A
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• Smith, Jenny A., and Bruce M. Latimer. A method for making high quality three-dimensional reproductions of vertebrate fossils. 1986. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. vol. 69(2): 265-266. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Smith, Jenny A. and Bruce M. Latimer. Making a multiple-piece mold. 1989. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication. pp. 305-319
• Smith, Jenny A. and Latimer, Bruce M. Casting with resins 1989. In: R. M. Feldmann, R. E. Chapman, and J. T. Hannibal (Eds.), Paleotechniques. Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4. pp. 326-330
• Smith, Jenny A. and Latimer, Bruce M. Preparation of hollow casts 1989. Ira R. M. Feldmann, R. E. Chapman, and J. T. Hannibal (Eds.), Paleotechniques. Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4. pp. 331-335
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• Ståhl, E. A new casting-method for paleontological purposes. 1951. In V. Jaanusson (ed.), Brachiopoda from the Tertiary Nahuel Huapi Formation of the Patagonian Cordillera. Bull. geol. Instn. Univ. Uppsala. 34(7): 201-203. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Staley, Robert N. and George W. Barnhart. A new silicone rubber duplicating material advantageous for teaching and research in physical anthropology. 1966. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,. vol. 25(3):325-334. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Stanley, J.W. Alginate dental impression compound--a comparative assessment of a cheap moulding material with potential applications in palaeontology. 1975. Newsleter of the Geological Curators Group. vol. 1(4): 191-193. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Steedman, H.F. A new modeling medium. 1953. The Museums Journal (London). vol. 53: 199-200. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• United States Gypsum Company. U.S. Gypsum industrial plasters and gypsum cements. 1987. _______: _________,. 31 pp. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Unites States Gypsum Company. Plaster mixing procedures. 1987. ______: ______,. 4pp. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Unwin, M. A new moulding jelly. 1951. The Museum Journal (London). vol. 50(11): 267. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Unwin, M. The uses of plastics and other new materials in archaeology. 1951. Archaeological News Letter (London). vol. 3(11): 175-178. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Vernon, R.O. New techniques for casting fossils and forming molds. 1957. Journal of Paleontology. vol. 31(2): 461-463. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Von Fuehrer, O. F. Liquid rubber as an enlarging medium. 1939. Museum News of Washington. 16(14):8.
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• Waters, B. T., and D. E. Savage. Making duplicates of small vertebrate fossils for teaching and for research collections. 1971. Curator. 14:123-132.
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• Waters, Barbara T. and Donald E. Savage Making duplicates of small vertebrate fossils for teaching and for research collections. 1971. Curator. vol. 14(2):123-132. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Waters, P.H. A review of the moulding and casting materials and techniques in use in the Palaeontology Laboratory, British Museum (Natural History). 1983. Conservator. vol. 7: 37-43. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Wilson, Mark A. Enlarging latex molds and casts. 1989. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication. pp. 282-283 Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Witchard, R. A technique for polyester casting of matrix-free fossils. 1969. Kalori; Journal of the Museums Association of Australia. no. 36: 12-15. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Zangerl, R. Galvanoplastic reproduction of fossils. 1965. In B. Kummel and D. Raup (Eds.), Handbook of paleontological techniques. San Francisco: Freeman. pp. 413~420
• Zapasnik, Henryk and Johnston, Paul Replication in plastic of three-dimensional fossils preserved in indurated clastic sedimentary rocks. 1984. Science. vol. 224. Greg Brown Bibliography

• Baker, Charles. Planning Exhibits: From Concept to Opening. . American Assoc. for State and Local Hist., Technical Leaflet 137. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Bathel, K. Mounting a skeleton of Smilodon californicus Bovard. 1966. Curator. 9:119-124.
• Bennet, G.E. A Skeletal Reconstruction of a new subadult Ornithopod from the Twin Mountains Formation of Texas using a removable Specimen Mount. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 32A
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• Carpenter, Ken; Madsen, James and Lewis, Arnold Mounting of fossil vertebrate skeletons. 1994. In P. Leiggi and P.J. May (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques: Volume 1. New York: Cambridge University Press. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Croucher, Ron Mounting fossil vertebrates. 1986. Geology Today, Mar-Apr 1986. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Cruickshank, A.R.I. A Victorian fossil wholemount technique: A cautionary tale for our times. 1994. The Geological Curator. Vol. 6 No. 1. Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Danis, G. Mounting the type specimen of Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 41A
• Danis, G. Shuffling old bones, a fresh new look in the Paleontology Hall at the Field Museum of Natural History. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 42A
• Deck, L.T. Planning paleontology exhibits that communicate with visitors. 1996. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3, Suppl.): 30A-31A
• Dingus, Lowell The renovation of the Halls of Fossil Vertebrates at the American Museum of Natural History. 1995. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3, Suppl.): 26A
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• Reser, Peter K. & Geiser, R.M. Analysis of mistakes corrected and perpetuated in multiple mounts of Placerias gigas and resin casts conservation problems. 1996. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3, Suppl.): 60A
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• Sanders, D.J., Klausmeyer, J. & Erickson, G. Development of a new exhibit on the orign of whales: technical methods and scientific considerations. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 73A
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• Zawisha, Paul H. & Lee, Lawrence The preparation, design, fabrication, engineering and installation of a mount for Thalassomedon haningtoni (long-necked plesiosaur). 1995. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3, Suppl.): 61A

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• Fitzgerald, G. R. A form-fitted pallet for the storage of large fossils. 1989. Geological Curator. 5(2):72-76
• Fitzgerald, Gerald Documentation guidelines for the preparation and conservation of paleontological and geological specimens. 1988. Collection Forum. Vol.4(2). Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Seymour, Kevin, Standardization and indexing of terminology for vertebrate fossils on the CHIN Paris cataloguing system. 1986. Proceedings 1985 ROM. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Seymour, Kevin Computerized specimen and preparation/conservation worksheets for fossil vertebrates. 1988. Collection forum. Vol. 4(2). Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Stolow, N. The microclimate: a localized solution. 1977. Museum News. 56(2):52-62.
• Thomson, G. The museum environment. 1988. London: Butterworths.
• Ullberg, A. D., and R. C. Lind, Jr. Consider the potential liability of failing to conserve collections. 1989. Museum News. 68(1):322-333.
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• Williams, S. L., and C. A. Hawks. Inks for documentation in vertebrate research collections. 1986. Curator. 29(2):96-108.
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• Williams, Stephen and Hawks, Catharine Inks for documentation in vertebrate research collections. 1986. Curator. 29/2. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Williams, Stephen L., and Hawks, Catherine A. Inks for documentation in vertebrate research collections. 1986. Curator. 29(2): 93-108. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Williams, Stephen L. ; Monk, R. Richard; Arroyo-Cabrales, Jo Applying McGinley's model for collection assessment to collections of Recent vertebrates. 1996. Collection Forum. vol. 12, no. 1, Spring 1996. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Wood, Rose M. and Stephen L. Williams An evaluation of disposable pens for permanent museum records. 1993. Curator. 36/3 1993. Greg Brown Bibliography

• Boyd, Donald, Diagenetic alteration of fossil composition. 1989. Paleotechniques, The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4, Feldmann, Rodney et al., eds. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Dutro, Thomas Occurrence of fossils in rocks. 1989. Paleotechniques, The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4, Feldmann, Rodney et al., eds. Greg Brown Bibliography

• Bang, Bente Soltau Framboidal pyrite and associated organic matrices: A risky composite for preservation of fossils. 1994. Surface Treatment: Cleaning, Stabilization and Coatings. Preprint, IIC Nordic Group. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Birker, Ingrid and Kaylor, Joan Pyrite disease: Case studies from the Redpath Museum. 1986. . Proceedings 1985 ROM.
• Cornish, Lorraine, Adrian Doyle. Use of Ethanolamine Thioglycollate in the the Conservation of Pyritic Fossils. 1984. Paleontology. Vol 27, Part 2, pp. 421-424.
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• Howie, Frank Safety considerations for the geological conservator. 1987. The Conservation of Geological Materials, Geological Curator. vol. 4(7): 379-401.e Greg Brown Bibliography
• Howie, Frank Safety in Museums and Galleries. 1987. . Greg Brown Bibliography
• McCann, Michael. Health Hazards Manual for Artists. 1985. New York: Nick Lyons. 104 pp. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
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• Thomas, Katherine M. Health hazards in the paleontological laboratory. 1989. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication. pp. 30-36. Comments are from source: Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines, http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Thomas, T. & Sweeney, F. Potential health risk in fossil preparation. (1997):. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(3, Suppl.): 80A-81A.
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• Allen, Arly Steps Toward Better Scientific Illustrations. 1976. . Greg Brown Bibliography
• Bailey, B.E. Nebraska's Highway Salvage Paleontology Program: a cooperative Commitment to Science. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 30A
• Bowsher, A.L. and W.J. Greeg, Jr. Mounting fossil specimens in plastic. 1948. Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon. vol. 25(2): 68-70. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Chancellor, Gordon Pliosaurs and volunteers. The Geological Conservator, Vol. 6, No. 2. 1994. . Greg Brown Bibliography
• Chase, Terry. Illustration techniques for palaeontological exhibits. E . . Greg Brown Bibliography
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• Conservation Committee, SPNHC A preliminary list of conservation resources for the care of natural history collections. 1988. Resources Committee, SPNHC. Supplies and materials for museum collections. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Crumpton, William G. and Wetzl, Robert G. Novolacs, synthetic resins suitable for mounting biological materials. 1980. Transactions Amer. Micros. Society. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Feldmann, Rodney Photographic procedures. 1989. Paleotechniques, The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4, Feldmann, Rodney et al., eds. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Feldmann, Rodney Preparation of paleontological plates. 1989. Paleotechniques, The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4, Feldmann, Rodney et al., eds. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Feldmann, Rodney Preparation of stereoscopic photographs. 1989. Paleotechniques, The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4, Feldmann, Rodney et al., eds. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Feldmann, Rodney Whitening fossils for photographic purposes. 1989. Paleotechniques, The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 4, Feldmann, Rodney et al., eds. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Grady, Frederick Packing vertebrate fossils for safe transport. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 50A
• Hawley, G. G. (Ed.) The condensed chemical dictionary (8th ed.) 1971. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
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• Mead, Emilee and Meeks, Susan Photography of Archaeological and Paleontological Bone Specimens. 1989. Bone Modification, Bonnichesen. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Moore, R. C. Assembly-line paleontological laboratory at the University of Kansas. 1948. Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon. v. 25, no. 2, p. 5-11. B. Kummel and D. Raup (Eds.), Handbook of paleontological techniques.
• Prosser, Colin The role of English Nature in fossil excavation. 1994. The Geological Conservator. Vol. 6, No. 2. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Simpson, W.F. Renovationg Riggs` laboratories: modernization of the vertebrate paleontology preparation labs at Field Museum. 1996. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3, Suppl.): 66A
• Stauffer, B.W. & Jabo, S.J. The fossilab: paleontology, preparation, and the public. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17(3, Suppl.): 78A-79A
• Williams, Stephen and McLaren, Suzanne Modification of storage design to mitigate insect problems. 1990. Collection Forum. Greg Brown Bibliography
• Engel, Charles Photography for the Scientist (In part). 1968.

• Anderson, A. & Larsson, H. Digital techniques for fossil specimens. 1997. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3, Suppl.): 29A
• Anderson, D.K. Image processing and rodent paleontology: a series of first applications. 1996. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3, Suppl.): 19A-20A
• Bromage, Tim G. Systematic inquiry in tests of negative/ positive replica combinations for SEM. 1985. Journal of Microscopy. no. 137: 209. Michael Black: Casting & Molding in Paleoanthropology and Allied Disciplines http://www.duke.edu/~mtb3/castingmanual/titlepage.html
• Conroy, G. C. and M W. Vannier. Noninvasive three-dimensional computer imaging of matrix-filled fossil skulls by high resolution computer tomography. 1984. Science. 226: 456 458.
• Conroy, G. C. and M W. Vannier. Endocranial volume determination of matrix-filled fossil skulls using high resolution computer tomography 1985. In P. V. Tobias (Ed.), Hominid evolution Past, present and future. New York: Alan R. Liss. pp. 419 -426
• Conroy, G. C. and M W. Vannier. Three dimensional computer imaging: Some anthropological applications. 1986. In Else and Lee (Eds ), Primate evolution. Proceedings of the 10th. Congress of the International Primatological Society, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Conroy, G. C. and M W. Vannier. Dental development of the Taung skull from computerized tomography. 1987. . I:625-627.
• Golden, J. Golden oldies: Curating SEM specimens. 1989. Collection Forum. 5(1):17-26.
• Haubitz, B., M. Prokop, W. Dohring, 1. H. Ostrom, and P. Wellenhofer. Computer tomography of Archaeopteryx. 1988. Paleabiology. 14:206-2]3.
• Hounsfield, G. N. Computerized transverse axial scanning tomography. 1973. British Journal of Radiology. 46:1016.
• Ledley R. S. G. DiChiro, J. J. Luessenhop, and H. L. Twigg. Computerized transaxial x-ray tomography of the human body. 1974. Science. 186:207-212.
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• McGowen, C. An ichthyosaur forefin from the Triassic of British Columbia exemplifying Jurassic features. 1991. Canadian Journal of Earth Science. 28(10):1553-1560.
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Much of the content of these pages was drawn from the work of Paul Brinkman (North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences).

• Marilyn Fox (Yale Peabody Museum)
• Charles R. Schaff (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard)
• Amy Davidson (American Museum of Natural History)

• Text and input were primarily drawn from the work of Amy Davidson and Marilyn Fox with additional contributions from American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) staff. 
• Dr. William Harcourt-Smith (AMNH) and Dr. Jessica A. Maisano, (University of Texas, Austin) contributed to the section on non-invasive prep
• Documents or supplemental download material were submitted by Marilyn Fox, Amy Davidson, Peter Parks, Scott Madsen (Utah Geological Survey), J.P. Cavigelli (Tate Geological Museum), Dr. Robert Evander (AMNH), Carlos B. Padilla & Mary Luz Parra (Fundación Colombiana de Geobiología ), Jonathan Thornton (Buffalo State College), William F. Simpson (Field Museum), Carl Mehling (AMNH), Greg Brown (University of Nebraska State Museum), Velson Horie, Alexandra Fernandes (AMNH), Bruce Crowley (Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture), Christian Sidor (Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture)

• Text and input were primarily drawn from the work of Amy Davidson, Marilyn Fox, and Ivy Rutzky (AMNH).
• Assets were contributed by Lisa Elkin (AMNH) and Christina Bisulca (AMNH), and Greg Brown

• Amy Davidson, Ana Balcarcel (AMNH), and Justy Alicea (AMNH)

Contributions were received from Amy Davidson, Marilyn Fox, Dr. Robert Evander (AMNH), Scott Madsen, Matt Brown (University of Texas, Austin), Heather Finlayson (Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum)

Samantha Alderson (American Museum of Natural History)

• Revealing - Adhesives & Consolidants

Justy Alicea (American Museum of Natural History)

• Follow the Specimen

Ana Balcarcel (American Museum of Natural History)

• Follow the Specimen

Paul Brinkman (North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences) 

• History

Greg Brown (University of Nebraska State Museum)

• Revealing - Adhesives & Consolidants
• Studying – Molding and casting

Matt Brown (University of Texas, Austin)

• Tools & Resources - Health and safety, How to become a preparator

J.P. Cavigelli (Tate Geological Museum)

• Revealing – Materials and Mechanical techniques

Bruce Crowley (Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture) 

• Revealing

Amy Davidson (American Museum of Natural History) 

• All sections

Dr. Robert Evander (American Museum of Natural History) 

• History
• Revealing – Chemical techniques
• Studying – Molding & Casting, Exhibition
• Tools & Resources - Glossary

Alexandra Fernandes (American Museum of Natural History) 

Heather Finlayson (Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum)

• Tools & Resources - Health & Safety

Marilyn Fox (Yale Peabody Museum) - All sections but with notable contributions to:

• Collecting – Preparing for the Field and Collecting in the field
• Revealing – Lab infrastructure, Equipment & Tools, Materials, Chemical techniques
• Studying – Molding & Casting
• Tools & Resources – Bibliography, How to become a preparator

Dr. William Harcourt-Smith (American Museum of Natural History)

• Revealing - Non-invasive preparation techniques

Velson Horie (U.K. Conservation Consultant)

• Revealing – Adhesives & Consolidants

Steve Jabo (National Museum of Natural History) 

Scott Madsen (Utah Geological Survey)

• Revealing – Mechanical techniques
• Tools & Resources - Health and safety, How to become a preparator

Dr. Jessica A. Maisano (University of Texas, Austin)

• Revealing – Non-invasive preparation

Carl Mehling (American Museum of Natural History) 

• Collecting - Jackets

Peter Parks (Portland, Oregon)

• Revealing - Mechanical techniques

Ivy Rutzky (American Museum of Natural History)

• Studying - Rehousing

Christian Sidor (Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture)  

• Revealing

Charles R. Schaff (Museum of Comparative Zoology)

• Collecting – Collecting in the field

William F. Simpson (Field Museum) 

• Revealing – Lab infrastructure

Johnathan Thornton (Buffalo State College) 

• Revealing – Adhesives & Consolidants

A compilation of terms mentioned throughout the Fossil Preparation pages.